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Iran, Iraq, & Turkey

Middle Eastern Studies. Iran, Iraq, & Turkey. Iran. a.k.a. PERSIA Shia State. 636 CE. Arab invasion brought the end of the Sasanian dynasty and the start of Islamic rule. Ethinicities. 50% Persian 25% Turkic Azeri 25% Kurds, Turkmen, Arabs, etc. History – has been controlled by

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Iran, Iraq, & Turkey

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  1. Middle Eastern Studies Iran, Iraq, & Turkey

  2. Iran a.k.a. PERSIA Shia State

  3. 636 CE • Arab invasion brought the end of the Sasanian dynasty and the start of Islamic rule

  4. Ethinicities • 50% Persian • 25% Turkic Azeri • 25% Kurds, Turkmen, Arabs, etc. • History – has been controlled by • Aryans • Greeks • Arabs • Mongols • Turkics

  5. Turkic Safavid Dynasty • Last dynasty – ended in the mid 1700s • 1795 Russia and Great Britain wanted to divide Persia • Turkic Qajar tribe moved the capital to Tehran to save it from division • The Qajar Dynasty was established and ruled for the next 130 years

  6. Qajar Dynasty • 1901: • Gave Great Britain a 60 year dispensation for their oil reserves • Traded customs proceeds to Russia for a large loan • 1906: • Gave London concessions over Persian tobacco industry

  7. Nationalists • Got worried about the funds Great Britain and Russia were getting from Iran • Formed a Constitutional Government • Formed a National Assembly called the Majlis • Russia and Great Britain got ticked off so they divided Persia into two kingdoms based on economics

  8. Majlis • Did not give up • Hired an American banker named Morgan Shuster to set things straight • Gave him total control of Persian finanances • Russia forced the Majlis to fire Shuster • WWI breaks out • Persia declares neutrality • Not invited to the Paris Peace Conference at the end of the war

  9. Great Britain went behind Persia’s back and wrote/submitted the Anglo-Iranian Treaty • Turned Iran into a British protectorate • Majlis got FURIOUS • Great Britain backed off • 1921 Reza Khan overthrew the Qajars • Qajar Dynasty ended and Reza Khan is the new Persian Shah

  10. Reza Khan • Aryan • Worked to nationalize Persia • Changed the country’s name to Iran to associate it with his Aryan roots • Made religion an individual, private matter • By mid 1930s all citizens were encouraged to wear western clothes • Built factories, roads, railways • Developed European-style education system • Negotiated to get British and Russian troops out of Iran • Negotiated to get back the rights to the oil, tobacco, and customs rights

  11. Reza’s downfall… • Things were rocking along well in Iran until Reza became friends with… • Hitler • Sided with the Germans in WWII • Great Britain and Russia invaded Iran in 1941 • Reza resigned and turned control of Iran over to his son, Muhammed Reza Pahlavi who sided with the allies

  12. Muhammed Reza Pahlavi • Got in good with the Allies by hosting the Tehran Conference in 1943 • FDR, Stalin, Churchill • Promised independence and financial aid to Iran after the war

  13. Post WWII • U.S. pressured USSR to leave Iran • Great Britain was too hard hit by the war to care about Iranian control • U.S. wanted Iran for its strategic location and oil.

  14. 1951 – Majlis nationalized the oil production. • Great Britain left Iran • Oil production dropped • Iranians were not educated in how to operate the wells and refineries • Mid-1950s – Iranian oil production was back in the hands of Europeans and Americans • Iran was receiving ½ the profits • U.S. firmly established Shah Pahlavi as the leader of Iran

  15. 1953-67 – Iran received $600 million in U.S. aid • Eisenhower Administration (most of the money) • Kennedy Administration • Johnson Administration • JFK saw social troubles in Iran, urged Shah to fix the problem. • White Revolution • Rich sold their land t the gov’t • Gov’t gave the land to the poor as small farms • Improved education and women’s rights

  16. Shah tried to modernize Iran • Moved too quickly and sent the people into culture shock! • He formed the Savak (secret police) to seek out and get rid of all opposition • White Revolution and U.S. involvement made the mullahs made. They began to speak out • 1964 the Shah deported their main leader • Ayatollah RuhollahKhomenini • Inspired a revolution!

  17. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini • Khomeini was exiled from Iran • Fled to Iraq • Developed a doctrine known as THE RULE OF THE JURIST • Secular gov’ts should be replaced by theocracies • Laws would be administered by mujtahids (Islamic law experts)

  18. 1978 – Saddam Hussein kicked Ayatollah Khomeini out of Iraq so he fled to France • Due to the civil unrest in Iran, Khomeini developed a plan • Video tape his sermons • Smuggle tapes into Iran • Copy and distribute the tapes • His plan worked! • Strong national movement began • Those who didn’t like him thought he’d at least be better than the Shah

  19. January 1979 – unrest in Iran is really bad! • Shah fled the country • Khomeini returned to Iran • Savak are executed • Islamic Revolution had begun! • April 1, 1979 – Islamic Constitution is adopted • Council of Guardians from • Khomeini became the faqih – expert jurist • Social changes • Mandatory dress codes • Prohibition • Capital punishment for adultery and prostitution, etc. • Partnerships with the West and non-Muslim gov’ts ended

  20. November 1979 • Shah entered the US for cancer treatment • Khomeini followers stored the U.S. Embassy and took 70 hostages • Said they would exchange the hostages for the Shah • President Carter said “NO WAY!”

  21. November 1979 – December 1980 • Negotiations were held • UN tried to help • Military tried and failed • Shah died

  22. Khomeini call the U.S. “the Great Satan” • U.S. thinks Iran is full of Muslim madmen! • Hostages were released in 1981 after the 1980 Presidential Election • U.S. paid Iran in cash and weapons

  23. USSR • U.S. is tied up with hostages in Iran • USSR invades Afghanistan • US issues the Carter doctrine • Don’t try to control the Persian Gulf – we won’t have it

  24. Iran-Iraq War 1980s • Iran released the hostages and said • We’re not worried about the U.S. • We’re not worried about the USSR in Afghanistan • We’re worried about Iraq • 50% of Iraqis were Shia Muslims who got very excited about the Islamic Revolution • Hussein got a little nervous • Khomeini called the Sunni Iraqis infidels

  25. Tensions mount • Iraq deports all Iranian Shias back to Iran • Iranian counterrevolutionaries move to Iraq to fight against Iran • September 21, 1980 • Iraq invaded Iran • Secular Iraq vs. Religious Revivalist Iran • The West backs Iraq • Khomeini got himself elected president of Iran • War rages • Oil platforms and fields are threatened • Oil production is interrupted

  26. 1988 – Iran is in ruins • The people convince the leaders to make peace with Iraq • June 4, 1989 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini died • Ayatollah Ali Khamenei took over

  27. Open to the West again? • July 1989 – Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani became Iran’s president. • He wanted to open trade with the West again because Iran’s economy needed it • Things rocked along a little on the shaky side until 1995

  28. 1995 – Clinton cut all ties with Iran when rumors began to fly about nuclear weapons in Iran • 1996 – U.S. led a world trade embargo against Iran for developing Weapons of Mass Destruction • Russia refused to jump on the embargo bandwagon so they helped Iran build a nuclear power plant in southern Iran

  29. 1997 – MuhammedKhatami became the new president of Iran • Wanted to improve relations with the U.S. • His moderation gave Iranian citizens hope • Khamenei began to lose followers

  30. MahmoudAhmadinejad • 2005 – MahmoudAhmadinejad took over as the Iranian President. Holds the office to the present • Very controversial • 2009 re-election was highly protested • Believes he is the chosen one to prepare the way for the 12th Imam to rule the world • Still calls the U.S. ‘the Great Satan’

  31. Iraq Sunni State

  32. Facts • Iraq was formed from several provinces into a nation by the British after WWI • From 1921-2003 Iraq was politically controlled by people who were Arab and Sunni. This is unusual because only 20% of Iraq’s population is both Arab and Sunni. • Kurds make up 20% of Iraq’s total population, but most are located in NE Iraq.

  33. Ba’th Party • July of 1968 - The Ba’th Party took over the government • Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr and his cousin Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti led the coupe • Bakr became the leader of the new Ba’th Republic • Saddam formed Iraq’s secret police and brutally scared people into loyally following Bakr and the Ba’th Party • Fear became the glue that kept Iraq together.

  34. Late 1960s-early 1970s – Ethnic Kurds, Turkomans, Assyrian Christians, Arab Shias, conservative Sunnis and communists were • Arrested • Tortured • Deported • Executed For being disloyal to the Ba’th Party

  35. Saddam Hussein • He began running the country in the late 1970s, but the aging Bakr was still the ‘leader’ • July 1979, Bakr retired and transferred power to Saddam • Saddam’s first meeting with Iraq’s top leaders • He accused these people of conspiring with Syria to overthrow him • He executed most of these men himself in the next 7 days • He had approximately 450 more ‘conspirators’ killed

  36. He aligned Iraq with the USSR • He constantly harassed, tortured, and executed Shia leaders and their followers • Saddam invaded Shia led Iran in 1980

  37. Iran-Iraq War • The main fight was supposed to be over their shared control of the Shatt al-Arab River • This is where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers join together and flow into the Persian Gulf • Saddam and Khomeini hated each other • Saddam knew the U.S. would help because of the Iranian Hostage Crisis • Saddam wanted Iran’s province of Khuzestan because of it’s oil fields

  38. This conflict became known as the 1st Gulf War because it spread into the Persian Gulf • 1983-86 • Iraq controlled the Shatt al-Arab River • Iran controlled parts of northern Iraq where the Kurds joined them against Iraqi forces • U.S. secretly sold weapons to Iran to get the hostages • Once discovered the US openly backed Iraq

  39. 1987 • France and USSR and US supply Iraq • US navy went to Persian Gulf to ‘protect’ oil supply • 1988 • War ended – both countries returned to prewar boundaries • 5 days later, Saddam attacked the Kurds in Iraq • and killed 5000 with deadly gasses in Halabjah • 180,000 Kurds disappeared • 4000 Kurdish villages were totally destroyed

  40. 2nd Gulf War • 1990 • Iraq invaded Kuwait to get their oil economy • Operation Desert Shield • US moved into Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf to protect Saudi oil supplies • 1991 • January, US launched Operation Desert Storm • Invaded Kuwait • 6 weeks later, Kuwait is free from Iraqi soldiers

  41. Coalition forces (US, Great Britain, France, Italy, etc.) • Dropped leaflets into Iraq urging groups to rise up against Saddam • Kurds in the North did • Shias in the South did • Tons of Kurds were killed in this uprising • US, British, and French troops moved in to establish a safe zone

  42. 1992 • To get even with the Shias, Saddam began to drain the marshes which provided their economic livelihood. • 1994 • Marshes were totally drained • Iraqi soldiers marched in and killed the Shias in Southern Iraq • 2001 • Ten years of UN sanctions had hurt Iraq • UN began a ‘food for oil’ program

  43. 2002 • The UN embargo had been reduced to only military related items • 2003 • March – US and Great Britain launched Operation Iraqi Freedom • Bombed Baghdad • April – US got control of Baghdad and Tikrit • May – Major fighting was over, rebuilding began • July – first Governing Council met

  44. 2004 • Saddam was captured • 2005 • Saddam was executed • The Present • US troops are beginning to withdraw after establishing a ‘democratic’ style of government in Iraq.

  45. Iraqi faces to recognize Saddam Hussein After his capture JallalTalibani Iraqi President Nuri al-Maliki Iraqi Prime Minister

  46. Iraq’s Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani

  47. Turkey Very westernized.

  48. Turkey in the 20th Century • San Remo Conference of 1920 • Treaty of Sevres – divided Turkey • Mustafa led a revolt • Treaty of Lausanne 1923 – formed modern-day Turkey • Mustafa became a political leader and began many reforms

  49. Mustafa’s reforms • Freedoms for women • Moved capital from Istanbul to Ankara • Set up a republic • Was unanimously elected president!

  50. More reforms… • Separated church and state • Had the fez outlawed • Got rid of the veil • Businessmen had to wear suits • Introduced the Christian calendar • Introduced the 24-hour day • Divorces were not easily granted • Polygamy was outlawed • Women could inherit an equal share with their brothers • Women could get an education and even educate men!!! • Muslim women could marry non-Muslim men • Freedom of religion was granted • Changed the alphabet • Changed the day of rest from Friday to Sunday • All Turks had to have a last name by 1935

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