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Code Generation

Code Generation. Mooly Sagiv html://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~msagiv/courses/wcc10.html. Chapter 4. Tentative Schedule. Basic Compiler Phases. Code Generation. Transform the AST into machine code Several phases Many IRs exist Machine instructions can be described by tree patterns

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Code Generation

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  1. Code Generation Mooly Sagiv html://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~msagiv/courses/wcc10.html Chapter 4

  2. Tentative Schedule

  3. Basic Compiler Phases

  4. Code Generation • Transform the AST into machine code • Several phases • Many IRs exist • Machine instructions can be described by tree patterns • Replace tree-nodes by machine instruction • Tree rewriting • Replace subtrees • Applicable beyond compilers

  5. a := (b[4*c+d]*2)+9

  6. movsbl leal

  7. Ra + * 9 mem 2 + @b + * Rd 4 Rc

  8. Ra + * 9 2 Rt Load_Byte (b+Rd)[Rc], 4, Rt

  9. Ra Load_address 9[Rt], 2, Ra Load_Byte (b+Rd)[Rc], 4, Rt

  10. Overall Structure

  11. Code generation issues • Code selection • Register allocation • Instruction ordering

  12. Simplifications • Consider small parts of AST at time • Simplify target machine • Use simplifying conventions

  13. Outline • Simple code generation for expressions (4.2.4, 4.3) • Pure stack machine • Pure register machine • Code generation of basic blocks (4.2.5) • [Automatic generation of code generators (4.2.6)] • Later • Handling control statements • Program Analysis • Register Allocation • Activation frames

  14. Simple Code Generation • Fixed translation for each node type • Translates one expression at the time • Local decisions only • Works well for simple machine model • Stack machines (PDP 11, VAX) • Register machines (IBM 360/370) • Can be applied to modern machines

  15. Simple Stack Machine SP Stack BP

  16. Stack Machine Instructions

  17. Example Push_Local #p Push_Const 5 Add_Top2 Store_Local #p p := p + 5

  18. Simple Stack Machine Push_Local #p Push_Const 5 Add_Top2 Store_Local #p SP BP+5 7 BP

  19. Simple Stack Machine Push_Local #p Push_Const 5 Add_Top2 Store_Local #p SP 7 BP+5 7 BP

  20. Simple Stack Machine SP 5 Push_Local #p Push_Const 5 Add_Top2 Store_Local #p 7 BP+5 7 BP

  21. Simple Stack Machine Push_Local #p Push_Const 5 Add_Top2 Store_Local #p SP 12 BP+5 7 BP

  22. Simple Stack Machine Push_Local #p Push_Const 5 Add_Top2 Store_Local #p SP BP+5 12 BP

  23. Register Machine • Fixed set of registers • Load and store from/to memory • Arithmetic operations on register only

  24. Register Machine Instructions

  25. Example Load_Mem p, R1 Load_Const 5, R2 Add_Reg R2, R1 Store_Reg R1, P p := p + 5

  26. Simple Register Machine Load_Mem p, R1 Load_Const 5, R2 Add_Reg R2, R1 Store_Reg R1, P R1 R2 x770 7 memory

  27. Simple Register Machine 7 Load_Mem p, R1 Load_Const 5, R2 Add_Reg R2, R1 Store_Reg R1, P R1 R2 x770 7 memory

  28. Simple Register Machine 7 5 Load_Mem p, R1 Load_Const 5, R2 Add_Reg R2, R1 Store_Reg R1, P R1 R2 x770 7 memory

  29. Simple Register Machine 12 5 Load_Mem p, R1 Load_Const 5, R2 Add_Reg R2, R1 Store_Reg R1, P R1 R2 x770 7 memory

  30. Simple Register Machine 12 5 Load_Mem p, R1 Load_Const 5, R2 Add_Reg R2, R1 Store_Reg R1, P R1 R2 x770 12 memory

  31. Simple Code Generation for Stack Machine • Tree rewritings • Bottom up AST traversal

  32. Abstract Syntax Trees for Stack Machine Instructions

  33. Example Subt_Top2 - Mult_Top2 Mult_Top2 * * Mult_Top2 Push_Constant 4 Push_Local #b Push_Local #b b b 4 * a c Push_Local #c Push_Local #a

  34. Bottom-Up Code Generation

  35. Simple Code Generation forRegister Machine • Need to allocate register for temporary values • AST nodes • The number of machine registers may not suffice • Simple Algorithm: • Bottom up code generation • Allocate registers for subtrees

  36. Register Machine Instructions

  37. Abstract Syntax Trees forRegister Machine Instructions

  38. Simple Code Generation • Assume enough registers • Use DFS to: • Generate code • Assign Registers • Target register • Auxiliary registers

  39. Code Generation with Register Allocation

  40. Code Generation with Register Allocation(2)

  41. Example T=R1 Subt_Reg R1, R2 - T=R2 T=R1 Mult_Reg R3, R2 Mult_Reg R2, R1 * * T=R3 T=R2 Mult_Reg R4, R3 T=R1 T=R2 Load_Constant 4, R2 Load_Mem b, R2 Load_Mem b, R1 b b 4 * T=R4 T=R3 a c Load_Mem c, R4 Load_Mem a, R3

  42. Example

  43. Runtime Evaluation

  44. Optimality • The generated code is suboptimal • May consume more registers than necessary • May require storing temporary results • Leads to larger execution time

  45. Example

  46. Observation (Aho&Sethi) • The compiler can reorder the computations of sub-expressions • The code of the right-subtree can appear before the code of the left-subtree • May lead to faster code

  47. Example T=R1 Subt_Reg R3, R1 - T=R2 T=R1 Mult_Reg R2, R3 Mult_Reg R2, R1 * * T=R2 T=R3 Mult_Reg R3, R2 T=R1 T=R2 Load_Constant 4, R3 Load_Mem b, R2 Load_Mem b, R1 b b 4 * T=R3 T=R2 a c Load_Mem c, R3 Load_Mem a, R2

  48. Example Load_Mem b, R1 Load_Mem b, R2 Mult_Reg R2, R1 Load_Mem a, R2 Load_Mem c, R3 Mult_Reg R3, R2 Load_Constant 4, R3 Mult_Reg R2, R3 Subt_Reg R3, R1

  49. Two Phase SolutionDynamic ProgrammingSethi & Ullman • Bottom-up (labeling) • Compute for every subtree • The minimal number of registers needed • Weight • Top-Down • Generate the code using labeling by preferring “heavier” subtrees (larger labeling)

  50. The Labeling Principle m registers + m > n n registers m registers

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