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Interaction of Academy and Industry in Computer Research

Interaction of Academy and Industry in Computer Research. Ninghui Sun & Yungang Bao ICT, CAS 2008.10 Intel China Research Forum ‘08 – ICRC 10 Year Anniversary. Turing Award. Today’s Topic. Commercial Benefits. Nobel Prize. Fundamental Research. Applied Research. Computer

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Interaction of Academy and Industry in Computer Research

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  1. Interaction of Academy and Industry in Computer Research Ninghui Sun & Yungang Bao ICT, CAS 2008.10 Intel China Research Forum ‘08 – ICRC 10 Year Anniversary

  2. Turing Award Today’s Topic Commercial Benefits Nobel Prize Fundamental Research Applied Research Computer Research

  3. Overview • A View on Interaction of Academy and Industry

  4. Sources of GDP Growth • IT Related Sources had increased to about 42% in GDP growth rate. Source: Information Technology and the World Economy, Dale W. Jorgenson and Khuong Vu, ScandinavianJournal of Economics, December 2005. Labor Input Non-IT Capital Input Non-IT Production IT Capital Input IT Production

  5. The Economic Impact of IT • Economists have recognized the important role that information technology (IT) can play in a country/region's development. • The IDC’s study found that spending on IT reaches $1.24 trillion in 2007 worldwide and IT drives significant growth in skilled jobs. Conclusion 1: Information technology (IT) has already played an important role in global development. Source: The Economic Impact of IT, Software, and the Microsoft Ecosystem on the Global Economy, IDC White paper, October 2007.

  6. What guarantee IT’s speed? Engine • Car = IT industry • Engine = Frontier Research • Transmission = Technology Commercialization Transmission

  7. Frontier Research • Fundamental Research (or Basic Research) • Which is research carried out to increase understanding of fundamental principles. Many times the end results have no direct or immediate commercial benefits. However, in the long term it is the basis for many commercial products and 'applied' research. (From wikipedia) • Applied Research • Which is research accessing and using some part of the research communities' (the academy's) accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific, often state, commercial, or client driven purpose. Applied research is often opposed to pure research in debates about research ideals, programs, and projects. • High impact techniques in IT: Mouse, Internet, Micro-processor, TCP/IP, WWW, … • We adopt the term Frontier Research (FR) to present the effective computer research. Source: Frontier Research: The European Challenge High-Level Expert Group Report, February 2005

  8. Features in Computer Research • Long-term • There is a long, unpredictable incubation period (10+ yrs) between initial fundamental research and commercial deployment. • Experimental work • Experimental work plays an important role in IT research. • Principal Investigator: visionary, risky, management • E.g., David Patterson, John Hennessey, …… • Unanticipated results • The unanticipated results are often as important as the anticipated results. • E.g., e-mail & IM • Interaction of research ideas • The interaction of research ideas multiplies their impact. • E.g. VLSI & RISC, Graphic & Network & Workstation. • Commercialization • IT technologies are easier to be commercialized.

  9. Startup of Computer Research 1965：The Department of Computer Science were founded in Stanford University and CMU. 1961：The IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center was founded. 1946：The ENIAC was unveiled. The frontier research in computer science was booming… Years

  10. The computer flourished through the frontier research of academy and industry. The relationship between academy and industry seems complicated! Source: Innovation in Information Technology, National Research Council Press, 2003.

  11. How to classify the arrows? • Arrows between universities and companies • Arrows from FR to products and markets • Arrows from one technology to other technologies

  12. What do we learn? • UniversityCompany • Need 3~5 years • FR  Products • Need 5~10 years • FR  $1B Market • Need 10~15 years

  13. Some Conclusions Conclusion 2: The interactions between Universities/Labs and Companies on FR advance IT’s development. Corollary 1: Never Fight Alone! Conclusion 3: It takes 10+ years to make FR’s outcomes grow up to $1B markets. Corollary 2: Be patient!

  14. Universities’ Efforts in FR From Berkeley View

  15. Companies’ Efforts in FR From ICT View

  16. Some Corollary Conclusion 4: FR is a luxury human actions. University/Institute have inherent advantages in FR. Companies’ R&D mainly focus on product development. Corollary 3: Except for IBM, Companies who take great zeal for FR may be split, purchased or disappeared.

  17. Criteria of FR Contribution • Two general criteria to evaluate the FR’s contributions • Paper Citations • CiteSeer, Google Scholar, Microsoft Libra • Industry Impact • FR’s outcomes are adopted by industry directly.

  18. 41 papers with high industry impact selected from 25 years of ISCA (ACM,1998) • Average citation ≈ 160.8 • 8 times of avg. citations of all ISCA papers (20.3). • Conclusion 5:Paper citation indicates industry impact

  19. University is the main force and has higher citations. Conclusion 6: University focus on long-term fundamental research. Company focuses on short-term but pivotal research.

  20. Limin Xiao, Mingfa Zhu, Active Messages on the Dawning-1000 ,1996 Lifetime of Industry Impact • Computer industry makes fast progress dramatically, so the impact lifetime of FR varies. Citation of “Active Message: A Mechanism for Integrated Communication and Computation” Impact-Lifetime

  21. A Case Study: ICT • Phase 1: 1950s~1980s • For missions of national strategy. No interaction. • Phase 2: 1980s~2000s • ICT transferred the FR technology to China industry. Single arrow. • Phase 3: Y2000 ~ Now • Interactions of academy and industry have been arising in China. More coordinates with international companies.

  22. 1956 Phase 1 中国计算机事业的摇篮 Established in 1956 First computing research institute in China

  23. 103机 1956 1958 夏培肃院士 “有了” 第一台小型通用数字电子计算机 First Computer in China 1800次/秒（磁心内存） 1958年8月

  24. 1956 1958 1960 107机 电子管 第一台自行设计的小型通用数字电子计算机 First Self-Design Computer in China 250次/秒 1960年5月

  25. 1956 1958 1960 1965 109乙机 晶体管 第一台自行研制的晶体管大型通用数字电子计算机 First Transistor Computer in China 6万次/秒（浮点） 1965年6月

  26. 1956 1958 1960 1965 1967 109丙机 “功勋机” 自行研制的晶体管大型通用数字电子计算机 (115KFlops) Contribute to Design of Atom Bomb/Satellite in China 1967年9月

  27. 1956 1958 1960 1965 1967 1971 111机 集成电路 第一批小规模集成电路通用数字电子计算机 First LSI Computer in China 18万次/秒 1971年5月

  28. 757机 1956 1958 1960 1965 1967 1971 1983 高庆狮院士 向量机 大型向量中规模集成电路数字电子计算机 中国最快的大型计算机 Vector Computer 1000万次/秒（向量） 1983年11月

  29. 1956 1958 1960 1965 1967 1971 1983 1991 KJ8920机 石油行业 大型计算机系统 Mainframe Computer 2000万次/秒（主处理机+向量机） 1991年9月

  30. Phase 2 1956 1958 1960 1965 1967 1971 1983 1991 1987 LX-PC 倪光南院士 联想式汉字微型机系统 Legend Personal Computer 1987年

  31. 1956 1958 1960 1965 1967 1971 1983 1991 1987 1990 李国杰院士 LI Guojie 智能中心从这里起步 Established in 1990 Supported by 863 High-Tech Program of China

  32. Dawning-1 1956 1958 1960 1965 1967 1971 1983 1991 1987 1990 1993 SMP 第一台SMP服务器 First SMP Server in China 168 VAX MIPS 1993年10月

  33. Dawning-1000 1956 1958 1960 1965 1967 1971 1983 1991 1987 1990 1993 1995 MPP 第一台MPP超级计算机 中国最快的超级计算机 First MPP Supercomputer in China 25亿次/秒 1993年10月

  34. Dawning-2000 1956 1958 1960 1965 1967 1971 1983 1991 1987 1990 1993 1995 1998 Cluster 第一台Cluster高性能计算机 First Cluster HPC in China 200亿次/秒 1998年12月

  35. 1987 2004 2000 1998 1995 1993 1991 1990 1971 1967 1965 1960 1958 1956 1983 曙光3000 4032亿次/秒 2001年2月 曙光2000-II 1117亿次/秒 2000年1月 TOP10 曙光4000-L 3万亿次/秒 2003年3月 曙光4000-A 11.2万亿次/秒 2004年6月

  36. Dawning-5000 1987 1958 1960 1965 1967 1971 1983 1991 1993 1995 1998 2000 2004 2008 1956 1990 Blade Cluster 中国最快的高性能计算机 The Fastest HPC in China 233.5万亿次/秒 2008年11月

  37. ORC: A successful joint project for frontier research Phase 3 Interaction with Intel

  38. Open Research Compiler (ORC, 2000~2002) • Objective • Provides a leading open source compiler of Intel Itanium to the compiler and architecture research community • Joint efforts among • Programming and System Lab (PSL)/ICRC, Intel CTG • Advanced Compiler Technology (ACT) Lab, ICT • Sharing IP (arch-independent and arch-dependent) • ORC 2.1 got better: 5% than ECC 7.0 and 30% than GCC 3.1

  39. Contribution to Research Community • University groups using ORC • U. Del, U. Minn, U. Ghent, Georgia Tech, U. Maryland, Rice U., U. Houston, Princeton U., TsingHua U., Peking U., U. Alberta, MIT, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, INRIA, UPC, CAS. • Industry • Tensilica: compiler for extensible embedded processor • STMicro electronics: compiler for embedded ST200 processor • Intel: Research on Speculative multi-thread compiling • Over 15,000 downloads till now at http://ipf-orc.sourceforge.net/

  40. What is ICT’s gain • Papers • Liu Yang, Sun Chan, G.R.Gao., Roy Ju, Guei-Yuan Lueh, Zhaoqing Zhang, Inter-Procedural Stacked Register Allocation for Itanium Like Architecture,Proc. of ACM SIGARCH International Conference of Supercomputing, San Francisco, CA, June 23th -26th, 2003. • More joint projects between ICT and Industry • Shangri-la project (ICT & Intel) • Open64 compiler project (HP, ICT, UDel, and Tsinghua) • Parallel compiler for multi-core and HPC

  41. China’s Puzzle What China has done in the past decades is filling gaps which means that developing the second-class technologies to meet the needs of the Chinese people. -- Prof. Kai Li Princeton Univ. Technology Commercialization Applied Research Frontier Research (adopted from world)

  42. Suggestions China Solving the Issues proposed by International • International companies treat the FR affairs with Chinese university/Institute not only as the Market Activities. • International collaboration is a significant and essential way for Chinese academy to reach world-class. • Industry should provide more supports for Chinese frontier research, especially facilities. Advanced Issues proposed by China

  43. Thanks！

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