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WRITING TASK 1. DECEMBER 24 th 2012. BAR GRAPHS. Bar graphs → show relative sizes of many things using bars of different heights horizontally or vertically. Source: http ://www.ncsu.edu/labwrite/res/gh/gh-bargraph.html. Bar graphs: Key information Which is the tallest bar?
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WRITING TASK 1 DECEMBER 24th 2012
Bar graphs → show relative sizes of many things using bars of different heights horizontally or vertically. Source: http://www.ncsu.edu/labwrite/res/gh/gh-bargraph.html
Bar graphs: Key information • Which is the tallest bar? • Which is the shortest bar? • Have the bars changed over time? How? • How do the bars compare to each other?
Activity 1 Analyse the graphs and write a report by ordering the paragraphs below. Take note on the use of prepositions and the words/ phrases showing trends.
ANSWER A. The amount spent on chocolate is measured in American dollars per person per annum. [Sentence 2] B. In conclusion, it can be seen that there is a very strong trend toward an increased spending on chocolate. However, the graphs do not indicate whether this is due to an overall increase in consumption or in the cost of chocolate. [Sentence 8] C. Firstly, the graphs show that spending on chocolate has increased in all of the 10 countries examined. In both years, people in the United Kingdom spent the largest amount, followed by people from Ireland. [Sentence 4] D. The years in which spending is gauged are 2005 and 2010. Ten countries are examined; eight European countries as well as Russia and the United States. [Sentence 3] E. The bar charts look at the amount of money spent on chocolate in ten countries in two years over a five year period. [Sentence 1] F. This is compared to Russia where people spent the least amount, although this was also the country that showed the third largest increase in spending from 2005 to 2010. [Sentence 5] G. In contrast, the country with the greatest change in spending was the United Kingdom, where spending rose from $84.20 to $93.10. [Sentence 6] H. The country which showed the least change in spending over the five year period was Germany. There was an increase of only 30c. [Sentence 7]
Language input 1 Language input 2 PREPOSITIONS
EXAMPLES: • in [month / year / morning, afternoon etc.] • at [9 o’clock, 10.30 am etc.] • from..[a point in time]..to… [another point] • between…[a point in time]..and… [another point] • during [a period of time] • before [a point in time or a period of time] • after [a point in time or a period of time] • by [a point of time arrived at] • until [a point of time reached] • since [from a point in the past until now]
ONLINE EXERCISE http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=4090 http://www.admc.hct.ac.ae/hd1/english/graphs/prepquiz3.htm
What is the difference: ‘by’ and ‘to’? • A. Newspaper circulation rose by50,000 newspapers per month. • B. Newspaper circulation rose to50,000 newspapers per month. • ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Company profit rose by£5,000 between 2005 and 2010. • Company profit rose to £25,000 in 2010.
ANSWER A. Newspaper circulation rose by50,000 newspapers per month. A. Company profit rose by£5,000 between 2005 and 2010. - Describes the size of the increase. B. Newspaper circulation rose to 50,000 newspapers per month. B. Company profit rose to £25,000 in 2010. - Shows the point reached.
What is the difference: ‘in’ and ‘of’? A. There was a rise in the rate of unemployment B. There was a rise of 5% in the rate of unemployment.
ANSWER A. There was a rise in the rate of unemployment. - Describes changes in things. B. There was a rise of 5% in the rate of unemployment. - Describes changes in number or amount.
Activity 2 Part I: Complete each of these sentences with the correct preposition. Part II: Read the information below and fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions. Part III: (A)Study these three sentences and then write three similar sentences about other parts of the chart. (B)Using prepositions
ANSWERS Part I 1) In January there was a noticeable rise in the number of people taking sick leave from work. 2) Temperatures usually reach a peak atabout 1 o’clock in the afternoon. 3) From 1997to 2006 there was a steady increase in sales of organic produce. 4) During the recession, unemployment grew steadily. 5) Televisions audience viewing figures rise dramatically by/ at6 o’clock in the evening. 6)In June sales figures were low, but later they began to increase rapidly. 7) The price of oil had shot up to $70 per barrel in August. 8) From November untilthe end of the year energy consumption continued to rise. 9) There has been a marked decrease in road accidents sincethe new laws were introduced in 2005.
ANSWERS Part II The company’s net income increased from 1988 to 1997. However, growth was uneven and was greatly affected by the Turkish economy. After slow growth at the end of the 1980s, there was a large increase in 1990, but income fell again in the following year. In 1992 there was a large increase to $320 million. Income rose sharply by $216 million to $536 million in 1993. In 1994 income fell to $330 million, but rose again by $95 million in 1995. There was a slight increase in 1996 to $438 million, but then income fell sharply by $281 million in1997, finishing at $157 million.
ANSWERS Part III The chart shows the changes which took place in student spending in the United Kingdom during/over the three-year period from 1996 to 1999.Students spent 3% less on accommodation, which fell from23% to20% of total expenditure, and there was a 2% decrease in spending on food, bills and household goods, which fell from 20% to 18%. At the same time course expenditure went down by 3% from 10% to 7%. Children, who constituted 1% ofstudents' expenditure in1996, are not represented in 1999.On the other hand, there was a 5% growth in spending on entertainment, which stood at26% of total expenditure in 1996 but rose to 31% in 1999. Spending on other non-essential items and credit repayments grew by 4% to make up 16% of total expenditure. Spending on essential travel went up by 3% while non-essential travel underwent a 1% fall.Overall, with the exception of expenditure on travel, the most significant general change was a shift fromspending on essential items to spending on non-essential items.
Language input 2 Approximation We use words to express approximation when the point we are trying to describe is between a and b.
Examples: • just over • well under • around • approximately • nearly • just under • slightly more than • less than • about the same • double than • two-thirds • half than The problem with computer viruses rocketed to approximately300 cases last week.
How do you say the following numbers using approximation?
Describe the table by using common language to express approximation Activity 3
Activity 4 Fill in the blanks using language to describe approximation.
MODEL ANSWERS The numbers of the Middle Eastern visiting Malaysia rose steadily over the eight years. In 2002 there were slightly over6 million Middle East visitors, similar to the figure for European and just over double that the American travelers. This number climbed to approximately 8 million in 2003, then rose dramatically by around 4 million to just over 12 million only one year later. From 2005 the figure showed a steady increase, with around 18 million the Middle East travelers visiting Malaysia in 2009. This is more than double the number for that year of the visitors from the Europe, and around four times the figures for the visitors from America. The figures for travelers from America illustrate the following trends: first, a dip of roughly one-third the total number of visitors from 2002 to 2003, then slow growth until 2007 and finally followed by a leveling out until 2009. The numbers of European tourists rose by 1 million from just under 7 million in 2002 to roughly 8 million seven years later.
