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Period 6

Period 6. 1865-1898 13% of the test. Industrialization. Immigration (Europe/Asia). Urbanization (growth of cities) + (Migration from farms). Causes of Industrialization. natural resources - especially from the west work force/growing urban populations money (capital) to invest

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Period 6

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  1. Period 6 1865-1898 13% of the test

  2. Industrialization Immigration (Europe/Asia) Urbanization (growth of cities) + (Migration from farms)

  3. Causes of Industrialization • natural resources - especially from the west • work force/growing urban populations • money (capital) to invest • Entrepreneur • government support for big business • innovations/inventions

  4. Social Darwinism • law of the jungle • the strong survive, the weak fail • Industrial leaders used this to justify their success • no government interference • most people liked this concept because it appealed to their work ethic

  5. Steel Industry • 1872, Andrew Carnegie Meets Bessemer • 1873, begins building steel empire. • Made big use of the Bessemer Process

  6. Vertical Horizontal Integration Integration • Own everything to do with an industry • Own all companies producing similar products • Monopoly

  7. Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890 • Prohibit monopolies that could harm competition • bad monopolies • requires the federal government to investigate. • it was not intended to impact good monopolies Senator John Sherman, Ohio

  8. AGE OF THE RAILROADS

  9. Transcontinental Railroad completed in 1869

  10. European Immigrants, freed slaves, civil war veterans from the East

  11. Chinese Laborers from the West

  12. Devised Time Zones in order to maintain schedules

  13. Test Tip • Be sure you can identify the impact the Transcontinental Rail Road had on the the American West

  14. SETTLING ON THE GREAT PLAINS the Great Plains attracted thousands of settlers

  15. Homestead Act-1862 • Settlers are given 160 acres of land free • $10 filing fee • if they live on and improve for five years • attracted 400,000 settlers to the Plains • Several thousand were Exodusters • ex-slaves that left the South for the Great Plains • By 1900 about 30% of nation’s population is west of the Mississippi River

  16. Assimilation • plan where Native Americans would give up their culture and “adopt” white culture • Dawes Act-1887 • Broke up reservations • Gave land to each Native-American to farm • Designed to benefit white settlers • Made the good land available to them • Indian way of life is illegal • convert Indian to American way • Failed, Native-Americans refused to cooperate • Indian Citizenship Act-1924 • Granted citizenship to all Native-Americans • Reward for their service in WW I

  17. Publications • Century of Dishonor • Helen Hunt Jackson • Made public aware of Governments record of betraying and cheating Native Americans • The Significance of the Frontier in American History • Fredrick Jackson Turner • Frontier enabled factory workers and immigrants to escape to the west • Shaped American spirit • Stimulated American Nationalism

  18. Test Tip • Be able to identify the two publications on the previous slide

  19. Labor Unions 1865-1900

  20. Knights of Labor • 1st labor union • Started by Terrence Powderly • Skilled and unskilled workers • Strove for cooperative society • Grew quickly but lost a series of strikes • Skilled workers resented being with unskilled workers • fell apart

  21. The Industrial Workers Of The World • Led by • “Mother” Jones • Elizabeth Flynn • “Big’ Bill Haywood • Unite all laborers • Including unskilled • Including African-Americans • Create one big union • “injury to one is an injury to all.” • Endorsed violent tactics • Collapsed after WW I

  22. American Federation of Labor • startedby Samuel Gompers • Skilled workers in craft unions • Against violence • Concentrated on wages, shorter hours, better working conditions • by 1915 avg. work week went from 55 hrs. to 49 hrs. • avg. weeks wage rose from $17.50 to $24

  23. Test Tip • It is important to know the similarities and differences among the three unions

  24. Mass Transit Systems • street cars, subway trains linked neighborhoods • Encouraged expansion of cities

  25. European Immigration • 1870-1930 • 20 million Europeans immigrated • escaping economic, religious hardships • came by steamships in cargo holds • many suffered from disease

  26. Nativism -form of prejudice against immigrants, favoritism to native born Americans afraid immigrants would take all the jobs

  27. Chinese Exclusion Act-1882 closed the door to Chinese except students, teachers, tourists, merchants and government officials Could only stay 10 yrs. The Gentlemen’s Agreement 1907/1908 Japan would limit immigration Demanded immigration restrictions

  28. Test Tip • Remember the Industrial Revolution played a key role in contributing to the rise of immigration. • Which provoked a strong nativist reaction that ultimately led to restrictions on immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe in the 1920s.

  29. Social Welfare, cont. • Social Gospel Movement • Started by Walter Rauschenbusch, Baptist minister • preached salvation through service to the poor • main interest was social reform

  30. Jane Addams • one of the most influential • established HULL HOUSE in Chicago • settlement house • assisted urban poor • Established day nurseries • Taught literacy classes

  31. Social Welfare, cont. • Gospel of Wealth • help urban poor • Andrew Carnegie • wealthy had a duty to help others • use money to perform good works • he donated $350 million to libraries, universities, etc.

  32. Test Tip • Remember the difference between Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth and Rauschenbusch’s Social Gospel Movement • Carnegie believed the wealthy have a duty to serve their communities • Rauschenbusch believed that Christian ministers and their congregations must play an active role in helping the unfortunate.

  33. URBANIZATION • Rapid growth of cities • most immigrants stayed in east coast cities for jobs • Americanization Movement • Main goal was to assimilate immigrants into the dominate American culture • helped with literacy tests/U.S. History and Government and social etiquette

  34. Political Corruption • political machines gain control of local government for own gain • run by political “Boss” • offered services to voters, businesses • helped immigrants with • naturalization process • housing needs • find jobs • in return for theirvote • once in control turned to fraud • Graft • illegal use of political influence for personal gain • using positions for personal gain

  35. Tweed Ring • New York City’s most infamous machine was known as Tammany Hall • William Tweed • “Boss Tweed” • led a group of politicians in cheating the city • Estimated to have gotten away with $200 million through bribery, graft

  36. Patronage • reward supporters with government jobs (spoils system) • reformers called for exams for civil service jobs • most qualified gets the job • Pendleton Service Act-1883 • jobs granted through a merit system based on exam results • Ended Patronage

  37. MASS CULTURE • mass culture emerges as leisure time increases • new activities to enjoy • amusement parks (Coney Island-1886)

  38. Bicycling starts 1885

  39. Spectator Sportsavid fans of boxing and baseball

  40. SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION • Jim Crow laws • State Laws that legalized segregation • separate schools, hospitals, parks, transportation systems, etc. • Plessy vs. Ferguson-1896 • Supreme Court decision that segregation in public facilities was legal • decision permitted legal segregation for next 70 years as long as “equal services” were maintained

  41. Voter Discrimination • Literacy Tests • Everyone had to pass • Grandfather clause – prove your grandfather voted before Jan. 1, 1867 then you can vote • Poll Tax • Everyone had to pay a tax for the right to vote

  42. Discrimination in the West • Mexican-Americans • became major work force in agricultural industries and the railroads • did not pay same salary • “debt peonage” • had to stay until debt was paid • 1911 Supreme Court ruled this to be a violation of the 13th amendment

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