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Marshall was born in the foothills of the Virginia's Blue Ridge Mountains in 1755, far from the wealthy tobacco and slave Tidewater region of the state. During the Revolution, he led a company of riflemen and spent the terrible winter of 1777 at Valley Forge. Out of his Revolutionary war experiences he became a staunch nationalist who distrusted state governments, which, he believed, had failed to support the soldiers.
When John Marshall (1755-1835) became the nation's fourth Chief Justice in 1801, the court lacked prestige and public respect. Presidents found it difficult to get people to serve as justices. The court was considered so insignificant that it held its sessions in a clerk's office in the basement of the Capitol. During the 34 years he served as Chief Justice, he transformed the Supreme Court into a vigorous third branch of government.
I. Major Goals of Marshall, who was appointed by Pres. Adams in 1801 A. Increase the powers of the national government B. Diminish the powers of the states C. Perpetuate the Federalist principle of centralization. D. Property rights of individuals need to be protected from government interference
II. Strengthening the National Government A. Cases expanding the authority of the Supreme Court 1. Marbury v. Madison (1803) gave the Court the power of judicial review. First overturning of a law (Judiciary Act of 1789). 2. Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) confirmed the Court's right to overrule a state court 3. Cohens v. Virginia (1821). States were no longer sovereign in all respects since they had ratified the Constitution. State courts must submit to federal jurisdiction.
B. Cases expanding the powers of Congress 1. McCullough v. Maryland (1819) upheld the right of Congress to charter a national bank and be free from taxation by a state, thus putting into national law the doctrine of implied powers. Maryland's lawyers argued that Congress did not have the right to charter a national bank. "The power to tax involves the power to destroy," responded Marshall, upholding the bank's right to exist and be free from taxes. 2. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) gave the national government undisputed control over interstate commerce by ruling invalid a steamboat monopoly chartered by New York state. This freed internal transportation from state restraint.
III. Weakening the States A. Fletcher v. Peck (1810) established the principle that state laws were invalid when in conflict with the Constitution and that contracts must be upheld. A land grant given by the Georgia legislature to speculators was revoked by a later legislature. Marshall ruled for the speculators, giving federal protection to purchasers of state-owned lands. B. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) -- By forbidding the state legislature to alter the college charter, Marshall established the principle that charters were contracts which could not be impaired.
IV. Legacy of Marshall A. Established the primacy of federal government over states in exercising control of economy B. Opened the way for an increased federal role in promoting economic growth C. Affirmed protection for corporations and other private economic institutions from local governmental interference. This allowed for the growth of the new industrial capitalist economy.
