Human Physiology

1. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • Thing to be covered • Anatomy of the CNS • The Spinal Cord • The Brain

2. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • Anatomy of the CNS • The Skull or Cranium (for brain) • The Vetebral Column (for spinal cord) • Meninges • Dura mater (outermost layer) • Arachnoid membrane ( middle layer) • Pia mater (innermost layer)

3. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) • Cranial vault - 1.4L; cells - 1.0L; blood - 0.1- 0.15L; CSF - 0.2-0.3L • Colorless, salty solution • Continuously secreted from specialized cells (ependymal cells) in the choroid plexus in ventricles • Ependyma actively transport Na+ and solutes into ventricles • Functions: Physical and chemical protection • Contains little protein and lower K+, Ca++, HCO3-, and glucose

4. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • Path of CerebroSpinal Fluid

5. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • Three-dimensional view of the ventricles of the Brain

6. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) • Function - protection • Brain capillaries much less permeable than others • Protects the brain from blood composition fluctuations • Can transport nutrients into the ISF • Exceptions - posterior pituitary and vomiting center

7. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • Divisions of the CNS • Gray matter • Nuclei • White matter • Tracts - ascending and descending • Spinal cord • Dorsal root (afferent, sensory) • Ventral root (efferent, motor) • Dorsal horns • Ventral horns • Dorsal root ganglion

8. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System

9. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • Organization of the grey matter of the spinal cord Major ascending and descending pathways of the spinal cord

10. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • The Brain • Cerebrum • Brain stem • Cerebellum • Forebrain - cerebrum and diencephalon • Brain stem - midbrain, pons, medulla

11. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • The Brain Stem • Contains the third and fourth ventricles • 9 cranial nerves emerge (know tables 9-1 & 2 ) • Medulla oblongata contains vital centers • Pyramids • Midbrain or mesencephalon controls eye and ear functions • Reticular formation - arousal and sleep

12. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • The Cranial Nerves (Know Table 9-1) • I Olfactory • II Optic • III Oculomotor • IV Trochlear • V Trigeminal • VI Abducens • VII Facial • VIII Vestibulocochlear • IX Glossopharyngeal • X Vagus • XI Accessory • XII Hypoglossal

13. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • The Cerebellum • Process sensory information • Coordinates muscle activity • Involves cordinating balance and equilibrium • The Diencephalon • Composed of thalamus and the hypothalamus • Also contains the pineal gland • Thalamus has several nuclei and is described as a relay station for signals on their way to the cerebral cortex • The hypothalamus contains centers for behaviorial drives and homeostasis (See Table 9-2 for more info) • It controls both endocrine and autonomic functions • Receives information from various sources

14. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • The Cerebrum: Lobes and Fissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres: Lateral Left

15. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • The Cerebrum: Lobes and Fissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres: Medial surface Lobes: 1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Occipital 4. Temporal 5. Limbic

16. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • Major Regions of the Cerebral Hemipheres

17. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • Functional Area of the Cerebrum

18. Human Physiology The Central Nervous System • Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cerebrum

19. The Central Nervous System Human Physiology