What have I decided on?

1. What have I decided on? COMEDY

2. HISTORY OF COMEDY • Comedy started of as a silent film in 1985 where it first began to show in television programmes • In those days comedy relied very much on slapstick comedy as it was very hard to portray comedy in another form with the absence of dialogue and speech • First ever comedy movie: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IooPPi1YzkM ‘Watering The Gardener’ • Most modern audiences might not find this funny at all, but however this is more likely to be funny to a traditional audience as this is the only form of comedy there were being exposed to. So therefore we can assume the consumers in the 19th century were still ‘passive audiences’ – they were convinced to believe what they see on comedy movies to be funny. Whereas, active audiences, who are us modern consumers have been exposed to more of the media and different forms of comedy so therefore we have the chance to choose what we find funny.

3. Chaplin (1914): famous slapstick director • Chaplin relied very much on slapstick comedy which is based on natural events, e.g. falling off a bike because of a flat tyre. Audiences are able to relate to this therefore they find it funny. Many directors in this modern society has been influenced by Chaplin’s approach and include these types of slapstick features in modern trailers/movies. This just shows how the history of comedy still has an influence in modern humour, even though us modern audiences have a different sense of humour to traditional audiences. Therefore suggesting that the old humour is still there but it has just become even more engaging and interesting with the inclusion of dialogue and speeches in movies. • http://www.slideshare.net/davidmufc14/history-of-comedy

4. How has comedic trailers changed over the years? • Old comedy: (written by Aristophanes) consists satire, where the government and public figures were criticised. Also included farcical events, sexual innuendos and a lot of fooling around. • New comedy: based solely on love and relationships • Due to the advance in technology, silent movies started becoming the least popular trend in the 1930’s – 1950’s and now comedy is being taken into a new level. • Verbal communication in trailers started becoming more in spirit, and slapstick is being used less and less. Verbal humour includes: puns, innuendos, sarcasm, parodies, etc. • In the 1960’s darker and serious comedies then started to come in which included surreal events. • For example: ‘Two Thousand Maniacs’ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ta14crhEWaM • Now in our recent trailers: • We include a bit of all. Although verbal comedy has become more popular, Slapstick comedy is used as well as Verbal comedy in our recent trailers. Slapstick appealing to more of a younger audiences and includes trailers like ‘The Simpsons’ and ‘Hangover’. Although Black comedies are rare today, quite recent ones include ‘In Bruges’. Many recent comedy trailers include aspects of old comedy and new comedy. For example romantic comedies such as ‘Think like a man’ includes aspects of new comedy and trailers such as: ‘Grown-ups’ include nudity which are aspects of old comedy. • One other point! In the early 1900s colouredpeople used to mocked in shows and were seen as comical figures with Caucasian men painting themselves black and as clowns. However regulations has become strict over the years – this will not be accepted in movies or trailers.

5. What is funny?

6. Farcical: comedy is achieved through exaggeration and extreme characters in outrageous circumstances that seem to lose control and become absurd. A lot of this is played in The Simpsons movie by Homer • Timing: In comedy, a beat is usually used to enhance a joke. A beat is a small pause that is usually used after the character expresses the joke, giving the time for the audience to react back to the joke, however often the pause is placed before a line to build expectation. This is used in many comedy trailers E.g. ‘The Internship’. • Unexpected events: for example in the trailer ‘Grown-ups 2’ we see a bull in the character’s room. • Sarcasm: It is often used in response to an initial statement or comment in order to mock the stated idea or statement. Sarcasm often features irony (for instance, someone drops an item someone else shouts "Ooh, that was SO clever.") • Irony:Irony is where the opposite of what is expected happens or where someone says the opposite of what they mean. • Double entendre: this is a typical cheeky British humour. When a statement has a double meaning. Typically one of the interpretations is rather obvious whereas the other is more subtle. The more subtle of the interpretations is typically sexually suggestive. • Satire: mocking the public and government figures; it is based on social criticism. E.g. the play ‘The School for Scandal’ • Misunderstandings: take this scenario for example: Nicole is holding a large girder in the round. Noor is holding a large hammer. • Nicole: "When I nod my head, you hit it." Joe nods. • Noor hits Joe over the head with the hammer. • Stereotypes: stereotypes work because we immediately recognise the character and so we are familiar with what sort of person this is without too much information needing to be given.

7. Others people’s comments about humour • David J. Parker and Samuel Stoddard state that being funny includes the following: • Pain: this includes both physical and emotional pain, for example hitting someone, or someone falling down. This type of humour has been included in comedy through out the years, including the tradition comedies in the early years. Remember the first slapstick comedy ‘Watering the Gardner’ and the trailer ‘Life of Brian’ – they all include some type of pain. Also it seems to be that ethnic jokes which cause emotional pain are also really funny. • The Unexpected: for example you tell a joke and no one laughs, it is funny because you did not expect that to happen. • Word play: Saying words in different ways is funny. It’s just like laughing at someone with a different accent because you find their pronunciation hilarious. This is common in African and Asian accents. • Puns: e.g. ‘Did you hear about the man who was jabbed in the back with a set of keys? His back locked up.’ • http://www.rinkworks.com/funny/

8. Funny clips! I have searched up on a lot of funny clips on YouTube, just so I have a general idea of what makes people laugh. Here are a few examples: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxH6t5y_sVs • (it seems to be that hurting others so David J Parker was right about pain being the top subject of humour) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Y0Tr2ox2Q0 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45a66I8Syh0

9. What is so funny about these trailers? • Twentieth century fox cooperation • Produced The Simpsons movie • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEpuQtfJEqA • What was so funny about this movie? Homer’s juvenile character. He is meant to be an adult but acts as a child, which makes us laugh. A bit of slapstick comedy is included as well – Bart and Homer always falling over and also Bart’s naked appearance is shown for a comical effect. This could raise concerns to the public but considering it is a PG13 and it is shown in the form of a animation it is acceptable to show nudity. Also it seems to be that watching others get hurt makes us laugh, watching Homer being hit in the eyes by the hammer makes us laugh. Also includes farcical features were there is a lot of exaggeration

10. Produced The Internship movie • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdnoqCViqUo • What was so funny about this movie? Includes a lot of verbal comedy ‘you’re interns, shut up… you look old’ – mocking other characters. The man with the Asian accent is funny. He’s accent stands out from the rest and this is what makes us laugh. Men being kicked in the private area seems to make us laugh as well. Though this film is also rated PG13, compared to ‘The Simpsons’ movie, this could attract a much older audience because a lot of the comedic features in the trailer is verbal rather than physical actions.

11. Columbia productions • Produced Grown ups • What was so funny about this trailer? The fact that children speak about getting ‘wasted’ but don’t know the meaning behind it makes us laugh. The animal in the scene also makes us laugh as it is very unexpected. The scene where the policemen was meant to arrest the characters but then ends up making a joke out of it. Therefore it seems to be that making a joke out of serious situations is also funny. Notice that the policeman is coloured and is meant to be representing a serious role in the scene but he doesn’t giving the impression that coloured characters as the race who are less ‘important/serious’

12. Screen Gems • Think Like A Man (Romantic comedy) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7VmU8aHAtw • What so funny about this trailer? Kevin Hart’s character. First of all, he’s height makes us laugh, the fact that he is short and tries to pick up fight with taller characters is hilarious. • How have they portrayed romance in this trailer? The storyline is based on the conflicts in relationships. Dinners, dates and sex are included in the trailer, which are all typical conventions of romantic comedy trailers. Romance has also been represented in the mise en scene. For example women wearing red, which signifies love. Maybe representing women as the more loving and emotional characters in relationships. However this can also be perceived in the other manner, where the colour red is used to embrace the women’s beauty which then leads to the idea of women being seen as sex objects. This therefore highlights The Male Gaze theory by Laura Mulveywho stated that women are normally represented in tight clothing's and sexually dressed which men receives sexual gratifications from. Moreover, this trailer presents Californian and Los Angeles women as beautiful and stunning.

13. Independent institutions trailers Since I will be working on a low budget, I have decided to concentrate on independent institutions and how they make their trailers funny and also consider the properties and equipment they use. • Lionsgate Films • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wpfM4Hy03xs • 40 days and 40 Nights (Romantic Comedy) • Looking at this trailer, it seems to be that the topic of ‘sex’ is very entertaining and humorous, in Romantic comedy. Going into further details, this trailer portrays a stereotypical view of women being seen as the sex objects and men receiving sexual arousals from women. This trailer therefore supports Laura Mulvey’stheory of ‘The Male Gaze’. The male character in this trailer receives sexual gratifications (also known as voyeurism) from watching other women who are portrayed wearing mini skirts and tight tops. The fact that there are close-up of this features highlights the theory of the male gaze. This can also be linked to scopophilia- the pleasure the male character gains from looking at the females body. From watching the trailer, we find the sexual gratifications that the male characters receive very funny. In some way this trailer degrade male characters – portraying them as immature and characters who care about nothing but sex. • What else is funny about this trailer? The slapstick events. It seems to be that many comedy trailers include slapstick events which means that producers and film makers are still influenced by Chaplin’s style of comedy. • It seems to be that independent institutions use regular properties which reflect back on the real word. For example, the clothes that is worn in the trailer, the setting and the way the characters look is what we will expect to see in the real world. Whereas, filming conglomerates include artificial styles and visual effects in their mise en scene. Take Avengers and The Dark Knight Rises into consideration.

14. The Weinstein Company • Scary Movie • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4CKp8JXKDE • Although this comedy is not solely based on romance, I have considered it as part of my research for my genre as it has been a quite successful comedy produced by an independent company. • What is funny about this trailer? Dopey characters. There is a stereotype here of how blonde girls are represented as the dumb character, which makes her type of character even more hilarious. • The fact that a joke is being made about the world ending is funny. You have a president who is unfazed about the planet being attacked by aliens.

15. Comedy is subjective • Remember comedy is subjective. Black/Dark comedy will appeal to a different audience compared to the audience of slapstick comedy. For example black comedy might appeal more to adults, whereas slapstick captures more of a teenage audience. Romantic comedies may appeal more to females and comedies which includes a bit of action may appeal more to males. Comedy is also based on your background and understanding, for example the majority of British people will might not understand the banter behind Bollywood movies. For this reason I have decided to base my comedic genre on a specific subgenre which is Romantic comedy. This conclusion was based on my second questionnaire, as romantic comedy was the most popular genre, however it was mostly the females that chose this.

16. British and American comedy • It is important to consider that American humour can be different to British humour. The trailers I have previously analysed are mainly based on American humour. Though these American trailers are popular in the U.K such as The Internship and Hangover III, it is still important to bare in mind British comedy as I am targeting a British audience. I have researched on British comedy and what British people found funny.

17. WHAT MAKES BRITISH PEOPLE LAUGH • In the following video people have stated what makes them laugh: http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldclass/23824586 • E.g. people stated that ‘stupid things made them laugh’ or ‘ people falling over’ • From my questionnaire people stated a lot of slapstick events e.g. ‘falling down the stairs’ or ‘someone getting hurt’

18. How has British comedy changed? • Here is what some people have said about the change in British comedy? • “Stand up comedy has become even less popular. Comedy has got nastier in the last twenty years. Ruder. More unpleasant. It’s now got that F**** off! What are you staring at? kind of attitude. Kicking people when they’re down. Trying to outdo each other by being as crude as possible.” by John Davies • “Comedy has changed in the last 40 years. Oddly alcoholism was considered comical back then whereas today it's not considered something to joke about. Not to extent as in the old Hollywood movies and television shows. Women were fair game in the 50s and the joke about women drivers was fodder for many comics. Women are now off limits and men are fair game.”

19. Situation comedy • Situation comedies can be defined as ‘characters sharing the same common environment, such as a home or workplace, with often humorous dialogue’ Although it has been argued that situation comedies used to be very popular in the Britain but has now decreased, many of the British viewers still watch sitcoms. As a result to this I will consider certain comedic aspects in modern sitcoms such as: ‘Vicious’ when producing my trailer. • The Telegraph has announced that, British comedy in the past used to stereotype gay characters as camp and effeminate, but now Vicious represents gay characters as comical figures. • Reference: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10021822/Being-gay-in-British-comedy-is-no-laughing-matter.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paHFEuu_p54 Clip of a sitcom

20. British trailers • Hot Fuzz (popular in the U.K) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NiQfvx_qrE • Looking at this trailer, it seems to be that there is not much of a difference between the American trailers and the British trailers. They both use similar conventions in comedy. The usual is portrayed. For example, a juvenile and stupid adult who plays the role of the policeman which we expect to be mature and serious. This is unexpected so we found it funny. Also slapstick events are included again, for instance when the policeman falls over the fence. It seems to be that Chaplin’s style of comedy will never be forgotten. However, the main difference is the accents. An American person may watch this movie and find this even funnier because of their accents, but British people will not as they are used to hearing this accent. • Another British comedy I have decided examine is ‘Chalet girl’ which is based on a romantic comedy.

21. Conclusions • The comedy trailer I am producing is going to appeal to a British audience. • Based on the results from my questionnaire it seems to be that American comedy is very popular in the U.K as my ‘my wife and kids’ was the most preferred comedy from the rest. Looking into this in greater depth, although the ethnic groups that preferred ‘My wife and kids’ was mainly within the coloured race, there was still a diverse range of ethnicity that preferred ‘my wife and kids’ which shows that comedy which was originally aimed at the ‘coloured race’ has become more varied, reaching a wider a range of audience. As well as that, based on personal experience, I have come across a lot of Caucasians which claim that ‘Think Like A Man’ is one of the best comedy movies they have ever watched, again this is a comedy which is based mainly on the coloured race. • Moreover, from my questionnaire, when asked to state the trailer they found really funny and a lot of them stated American comedy, which included American pie and Hangover. As well as results from my questionnaire, Hangover III is the 10th most popular watched movies in the U.K which proves that it is a popular comedy that people enjoy watching. It is seem to be that American comedy is quite popular in the U.K

22. What have I am deciding to do • A comedy aimed at British audience • Romantic comedy (for the storyline of my trailer I will consider romantic trailers like ‘Hitch’) • It will include slapstick features (as slapstick was the second most popular type of comedy), as well as verbal comedy. As well as that, researching on what others found funny shows that slapstick comedy is quite popular • I will look at shows like ‘My wife and Kids’ and films like ‘Hangover’ so I know what comedic features to include in my trailer so I can appeal to my audience

23. Effects comedy can have for the audience • Comedy can be very offensive at times - this is what makes people laugh. E.g. South park, which has had a lot of complaint about offending other religions. However whether the comedy in the film is just banter or offensive is sometimes down to the audience. For example some audiences are known as ‘active audiences’. These type of audiences are viewed as individuals who choose to either accept the message, reject the message or select which bits they agree with. In comedies such as South park, active audiences may decide to reject the offensive message as they have an understanding of the film and therefore view it as a comedy. This is known as the Reception theory stated by Stuart Hall. • However, some people are passive audiences. They may watch the South park film and view it very offensive instead. For example a religious person from another country who lack of understanding e.g. Iraq may watch South park and they will be offended by it, maybe because they are not exposed to these types of comedy. This is known as the Effects Theory • Also it is very easy for younger kids to view such type of comedy and so therefore as a result this could lead to the cultivation theory. As children will start getting used to what they see on T.V and eventually it will not have an effect. In this example children may watch South park, which have offensive comments about religion – children may pick up comments and eventually they’ll think it’s alright to offend others with those comments.

24. Contemporary media landscape • This includes the way media has changed over the last 50 years in order to adapt to the change in society; how media is presented now in our modern society. • How does contemporary media have an effect on trailers? • The invention of YouTube in February 2005 meant that audiences can easily access trailers online instead of waiting to watch it in the cinemas • Social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook also make people aware of trailers. Someone may watch a trailer, then tweet about it making others aware of it and as a result they will also watch the trailer – therefore a trend is developed on twitter. This is known as the Two-step flow discovered by Katz & Lazarsfeld (1955) • As a result to this, during the distribution stage of my trailer, I will ensure I create a twitter account for my film to promote it. I am aware that my target audience will be on this site.