REVIEW – 1 st advanced

1. REVIEW – 1st advanced 2ND SEMESTER 2013

2. Conditionals – third, mixed and inverted • 3rd conditional: it is used to refer to a hypothetical (unreal or imaginary) situation in the past FORM: if + subject + past perfect, subject + would + have + past participle (3rd) • If I had known you were ill, I would have called you.

3. Mixed Conditionals: it is used to refer to a hypothetical past condition and a present result. FORM: If + subj + past perfect + modal + present If I had revised more, I would know the answer to these questions Youdidn’tstudy. You are doing a testnow. Youdon’tknowtheanswers.

4. PAY ATTENTION ! Sometimes we want to imagine how changing something about the present could have changed things in the past. FORM: IF + past (simple or continuous) + modal + have + past participle. If I had a car, I would have taken you home last night. *Remember: If you want to sound more formal, use a inversion. Were I the president, I would make sure people obeyed the law.

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6. Direct and indirect objects • Some verbs can be followed by both a direct and an indirect object (usually a person). • These verbs include: bring, buy, get, give, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, promise, send, show, take, teach, tell, write, etc. • Examples • My mum bought me (indirect object) a present (direct object). • = • My mom bought a present for me.

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8. Unreal Past • A past tense does not always refer to past time. In some sentences and with some verbs or phrases we use a past tense to refer to the present or the future or to a general situation. • These sentences include ones that contain: 2nd conditional: I could take a taxi if I had more money. Suppose and What if?: What if life existed on other planets? Would rather: I’d rather you didn’t call me Bob. I prefer ‘Robert’. It’s (high/about) time: It’s high time you started studying

9. We use differentstructureswithwish (andIfonly) dependingonexactlywhatwewant to express. Wish If only • Wish + simplepast: refers to presentchanges. I wishwewereonvacationatthebeach.

10. Wish + pastperfect: refers to pastchanges, regrets. I wish I hadstudiedmore for mytests. • Wish + would + verb: critisizingpeople, orcomplainingabout a situationnow, in the future, orgenerally I wishmyneighborwouldstopsinging. She’sterrible.

11. Wish + could + verb: hypotheticalabilityorpermission in the future, orgenerally I wish I couldfly. • Wish + fullinfinitive: expressdesire in a formal way. I wishto speakto Mr. Spencer, please.

12. Let’spractice

13. Let’spractice

14. Participles • Present, perfect and past participles can be used as an alternative to the subject + verb + object structure. • Present and Perfect participles can be used: • After prepositions:after, before, when, while, on, despite. • Afterdriving all day, I was really tired. • = • After having driven all day, I was really tired.

15. To mean Because. • Being tall, I had no trouble getting into the basketball team. • = • I had no problem getting into the basketball team because I am tall. • Past participles can be used: • As an alternative to passive voice. • Arrested for murder, the man denied everything.

16. To replace some relative clause. • The student chosen to carry the flag felt very proud. • Note: • Youhave to becarefulthattheparticipleandtherestofthesentencebothrefer to thesamesubject: • X Driving to work, a horseranacrosstheroad. • Driving to work, I saw a horserunacrosstheroad.

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18. Let’spractice

19. Inversion • Inversions are usually formal, so they are not usually used in speech unless you are trying to make a dramatic effect. Putting the negative adverb at the beginning of the sentence adds emphasis. • Examples: • Hardly (when...): Hardlyhadwe set out whenthecarbrokedown. • Never: Neverhad I heardsuch na unbelievablestory. • No sooner (than...): No soonerhadwe set out thanthecarbrokedown. • Seldom: Seldom do wegetanyvisitorshere. • Notonly (...butalso): notonlydidyoucheat in theexam, butalso lied about it! • Under no circunstances: Under no circunstancesshouldyoutalk to strangers.

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21. TagQuestions • We can use tag questions to ask someone to agree with us or to check that something is true. Examples: Affirmativeverb It’sverycoldtoday, isn’t it? Negativetag Wearen’tgoing to thebeach, are we? Negativeverb AffirmativeTag

22. More Examples • Don’t forget you have to maintain the verb tense from the sentence on your tag question. He speaksEnglish, doesn’the? He didn’ttakehistestyesterday, didhe? Theyhaven’tgoneto Europe, havethey? Theywillgonextweek, won’tthey?

23. Exceptions I am going to take a test this afternoon, aren’t I ? Let’sgo for a pizza, shall we? Don’tuse your cell phone during class, will you?

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25. Let’sPractice

26. Impersonal Passive • Some verbs, such as say, think, feel, know, believeandunderstandcanbeputintothe passive withitas subject. This is a more formal wayofsaying ‘Peoplesay/ think’, etc. Peoplebelivethatthere is life in otherplanets. It’sbelievedthatthere is life in otherplanets.

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28. That’sthat! • This is theendofthereview • Youcantrydoingyourmidtermandtermtestsagain. • YoucanalsotrydoingtheListão#2 and 3 again. • Ifyouhaveanyquestions, askyourteacher! • Goodluck!!! 