The Roaring 20’s The Great Depression The New Deal

1. OGT Benchmark: Identify major historical patterns in the domestic affairs of the United States during the twentieth century and explain their significance. • The Roaring 20’s • The Great Depression • The New Deal

2. The Roaring Twenties **The 1920’s is portrayed as an exciting and great time in the history of the U.S. World War I had ended, and it was time to get back to as President Harding would say, “normalcy.” But, not everything was great for everyone in the 1920’s. We will now look at the good and the bad of this decade. Interesting Topics of the 1920’s Women’s suffrage/19th Amendment, Prohibition, flappers, jazz/ragtop music, the Harlem Renaissance, gangsters, the Red Scare, Ku Klux Klan, Model-T, Henry Ford, Stock Market Speculation Black Tuesday, Stock Market Crash, Beginning of the Great Depression

3. I. Postwar Reaction • ****The end of war did NOT bring peace to Europe. Europe was torn apart and had many problems. People revolted against their governments • ***In the U.S. the end of the war led to fear of foreigners and radicals. • ***The end of the war saw a large amount of labor strikes. Many immigrants lost their factory jobs immediately after the war.

4. II. The Red Scare • 1. The Red Scare • A. Bolshevik Revolution in Russia led to fear it may happen in U.S. • B. Factories that war supplies closed = immigrants out of work = labor unrest = people saw these people as violent radicals and threats • C. Fear of communism, political violence, and labor unrest known as THE RED SCARE

5. 2. International Workers of the World (IWW) A. IWW = labor union B. IWW = influenced by Socialist Party (Communism) C. IWW = objected WWI and dodged draft D. Seattle, Washington--shipyard strike led to many other strikes in the city E. U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer blames IWW F. He tries, convicts and deports many leaders of the IWW G. Most had done nothing wrong H. Palmer also deports many other “radicals” across U.S., even if they did nothing wrong.

6. 3. Sacco and Vanzetti • Italian immigrants accused, tried, and killed for a crime they probably did not commit.

7. 4. Nativism • Q: What is nativism? • A: Fear of and antagonism toward foreigners • B. Americans feared immigrants • 1. Take their jobs • C. Immigration Restriction League • 1. Had to read in order to get into U.S. • D. National Origins Act of 1924 • 1. Reduced quotas • 2. Only 150,000 immigrants per year • 3. Barred Chinese, Japanese, and Asians

8. III. The Great Migration and Racial Tensions • A. The Great Migration • 1. Before war, most African-Americans lived in South • 2. During war, many migrated north • a. escape poverty: get jobs in factories making war items • b. escape discrimination • 3. Examples • a. Cleveland: 300% increase • b. Detroit: 600% increase

9. B. Racial Tensions • 1. After war, whites came home • 2. African-Americans moved into their neighborhoods • 3. whites jobs taken • 4. leads to discrimination/violence

10. C. Race Riots and Lynchings • 1. Discrimination begins again • 2. many bloody race riots in the city • 3. thousands of lynchings took place

11. Lynching • Lynching is a characteristic of mob rule and was not always done on the basis of race.ﾊ American history has always been tinged with race and its mobs have used it as a tactic to persecute African-Americans.ﾊ The Lynching of African-Americans began after the Civil War and in some ways continues to this day.

12. D. The “new” Klan • 1. Formed in the South and West • 2. Used terror and violence • 3. Hated: • a. blacks • b. Jews • c. Roman Catholics • d. all “foreigners” • 4. Violence: • a. whipped and killed innocent people • b. burned buildings • c. seldom went to jail • 5. KKK blamed these people for the problems: • a. race riots • b. lack of jobs • 6. The Klan dominated some states and the government

13. IV. 19th Amendment • Passed in 1920 • Women’s suffrage--the right to vote • at first, many women did not vote • politics/voting seen as the husband’s job • votes influenced by their husbands

14. V. Prohibition • 18th amendment: Prohibited the manufacture, sale or transportation of alcohol • everybody broke this law • bootleggers and speakeasies • organized crime. Ex: Al Capone • 21st amendment: repealed the 18th amendment

15. VI. Popular Culture and the Harlem Renaissance • The 1920’s are popularly remembered as a time when people rebelled against decorum and styles. Manners became more relaxed and less formal. Fashion became more comfortable and revealing. Pastimes were deliberately silly and flamboyant. Artists, writers, and musicians experimented with new ideas and styles.

16. 1. The Flapper Q: What is a flapper? A: A modern young woman who rejected the strict values of the past and advocated more open attitudes toward lifestyle and fashion. • flappers symbolized the new freedom of women (19th amendment passed in 1920) • short hair cuts, wore short skirts (past the knee), wore makeup and bright red lipstick • most women were NOT flappers, but they became the popular image of the 1920’s

17. The Economy of the 1920’s • a. many prospered during 1920’s • b. auto factories employed many • c. birth of assembly line (Henry Ford) • d. many items available to buy • e. ideas formed: marketing, advertising, and selling goods on credit or installment plans

18. 3. Popular Entertainment • a. Radio • KDKA in Pittsburgh was 1st • NBC and CBS radio began in 20’s • over 10 million had radios by 1930 • on radio: presidential results, baseball, classical music, and soap operas • Movies -- silent --Douglas Fairbans, Sr, Mary Pickford, and Charlie Chaplin --theaters sprung up --talking movies followed by end of the 1920’s

19. 4. Harlem Renaissance • a. An area in New York City called Harlem. • b. In Harlem, many African-Americans became • c. great writers, poets, musicians, entertainers, and scholars. • d. Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen were famous poets in Harlem.

20. 5. Music and Dances • a. Jazz was creative and energetic and always changing. • b. It started in the South • c. Some famous jazz artists include: • 1. Louis Armstrong • 2. Duke Ellington • 3. George Gershwin • d. New Dances Develop • “The Charleston” and “The Hug” became popular.

21. 6. Others • a. Charles Lindbergh flow The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic • b. Babe Ruth hit 60 home runs in 1 season • c. many people making money on the stock market

22. VII. Stock Market Speculation and the Crash of 1929 • a. Many people bought stock and made money • b. People even borrowed to buy stock • c. Many people got rich, so even more bought stock • d. On October 29, 1929 the stocks lost value. • e. Everyone tried to sell their stocks, but nobody would buy. • f. People lost everything they had. • g. This started the Great Depression.

23. OGT Multiple Choice • 1. Communists were also known as • A. “Blues” • B. “Grays” • C. “Yellows” • D. “Reds”

24. OGT Multiple Choice • 2. The “Flappers” • A. cut their hair short • B. wore a lot of makeup and red lipstick • C. wore short skirts • D. all of the above

25. OGT Multiple Choice • 3. The emergence of many great African-American writers, poets, musicians, entertainers, and scholars in the New York City area was known as the • A. New York City Renaissance • B. Harlem Renaissance • C. Black Renaissance • D. Manhattan Renaissance

26. OGT Multiple Choice • 4. (Practice Test Booklet, 2005) In 1919 the United States ratified the 18th Amendment, which made the production, selling, and buying of alcoholic beverages illegal. One of the unintended results of Prohibition was that • A. people stopped drinking alcohol • B. there was less crime because there was less drinking • C. there was a growth in organized crime • D. alcohol consumption dropped considerably

27. OGT Multiple Choice • 5. (Practice Test Booklet, 2005) During the 19th century women did not hold elected office, while in the twentieth century there was an increase in the number of women holding offices at the local, state, and national levels of government. What was the major reason for this change in women participating in government? • A. Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision in 1896 • B. Ratification of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution in 1920 • C. Election of John F. Kennedy to the presidency in 1960 • D. Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

28. OGT Multiple Choice • 6. (Practice Test Booklet, 2005) The presidential election of 1920 was a landmark election in United States history because • A. Warren G. Harding was the first Republican to be elected President. • B. it was the 1st election in which African-Americans could vote for Pres. • C. Woodrow Wilson was the 1st president to be elected to a third term • D. it was the first election in which women could vote for president

29. OGT Multiple Choice • 7. (Practice Test Booklet, 2005) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the main reason for the African-American migration of the 1920’s? • A. The migration wen from south to north to take advantage of the north’s climate • B. The migration went from south to north because of job opportunities in the northern factories • C. The migration went from north to south to take advantage of the south’s climate • D. The migration went from north to south because of job opportunities in the south

30. OGT Multiple Choice • 8. (Practice Test Booklet, 2005) Select the decade in which women in the United States got the right to vote: • A. 1920’s B. 1940’s C. 1960’s D. 1980’s

31. OGT Multiple Choice • 9. (2005 Practice Test) One effect of widespread suburbanization in the United States during the 1920’s was • A. airlines adding routes to new cities. • B. increased reliance upon the automobile • C. decreased immigration from Europe and Asia • D. television replacing radio as the most popular medium.

32. OGT Multiple Choice • 10. The first solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris was made by • A. Charles A. Lindbergh • B. Ferdinand Morton • C. Frederick W. Taylor • D. Amelia Earhart

33. OGT Multiple Choice • 11. The National Origins Act of 1924 • A. required that all immigrants be able to read • B. required that all immigrants be able to speak English • C. raised immigration quotas • D. reduced immigration quotas

34. OGT Multiple Choice • 12. (Base Test March 2005) One cause of suburbanization in the United States during the 1920’s was increased • A. overcrowding and violence in the cities • B. economic opportunities in rural towns • C. emigration from the United States • D. economic reliance upon agriculture

35. Use the following list to answer question 16. • Key Developments for the • United States in the 1920’s • 13. (2005 Practice Test) What was significant about the developments shown above for the United States in the 1920’s? • A. They were causes of World War II. • B. They were signs of difficulties within the U.S. economy • C. They demonstrated the ability of the Federal Reserve to control the money supply • D. They led to legislation restricting immigration to the United States.

36. OGT Multiple Choice (14. 2005 Practice Test) How did the U.S. Constitution change as a result of the ratification of the 19th Amendment? • A. The right of suffrage was extended to women. • B. Freedom of assembly was restricted • C. The power of government decreased • D. Freedom of the press was strengthened

37. OGT Multiple Choice • 15. Which of the following was not true about the 1920’s? • A. Automobiles became very popular • B. Women became less independent • C. Radios brought news and entertainment • D. Young people became attracted to “hot” jazz and fast cars

38. OGT Multiple Choice • 16. Bold use of the assembly line in his factories can be credited to • A. Henry Ford • B. J.P. Morgan • C. Andrew Carnegie • D. John D. Rockefeller

39. OGT Multiple Choice • 17. (Practice Test Booklet, 2005) During the Red Scare in the United States after World War I, all of the following happened to immigrants EXCEPT • A. more than 500 were deported without being charged of crimes • B. immigration laws were passed permitting a larger number of immigrants to enter the country • C. two immigrants, Sacco and Vanzetti, were put to death on questionable charges • D. immigration laws were passed restricting the number of immigrants entering the country

40. OGT Multiple Choice • 18. Who were the 3 presidents during the 1920’s? • A. Wilson, Harding and Coolidge • B. Harding, Coolidge and Hoover • C. Wilson, Harding and Hoover • D. Roosevelt, Coolidge and Hoover

41. OGT Multiple Choice • 19. The “Roaring Twenties” were characterized by • A. jazz music • B. speakeasies • C. flappers • D. all of the above

42. OGT Short Answer • Analyze two instances in which the rights of individuals were restricted for immigrants during the Red Scare. (2 points)

43. OGT Extended Response • Women received the right to vote in 1920: (4 points) • Which amendment gave this right? • Describe two reasons why women would want this right. • What was one effect of the passing of this amendment.

44. OGT Benchmark: Identify major historical patterns in the domestic affairs of the United States during the twentieth century and explain their significance. • The Roaring 20’s • The Great Depression • The New Deal

45. The stock market crash of 1929 ushered in a decade in which millions of people suffered through unemployment and poverty. The nation’s leaders, who were once so optimistic, lost their confidence and became stricken with fear and doubt.

46. I. Causes of the Great Depression • Reason #1: Stock market crash • The price of stock declined a little, and this led to a collapse. People lost all of their money, and this led to the greatest depression in the history of the United States.

47. Reason #1, cont • Black Thursday • A. October 24, 1929 • 1. Prices fell • 2. Everyone sold their stock • B. J.P. Morgan and Co. • 1. Bought $30 million in stocks • 2. Bought stocks at higher prices • 3. Prices went back up • 4. Things stable again

48. Reason #1, cont. The Great Crash • A. Tuesday, October 29, 1929 • 1. Worst day of all • 2. Prices fell steeply • B. U.S. Steel stock • 1. Sept. 3 = $262/share • 2. Nov. 12 = $150/share • ***Many stocks decreased to half of its value

49. Reason #2: The unequal distribution of wealth • The unequal distribution of wealth • A. A few people actually had money • 1. They spent a lot during the 1920’s • B. The rest were barely getting by • C. When stock market crashed, the rich stopped • spending • D. Inventories piled up • 1. cars • 2. refrigerators • 3. radios • E. People lost jobs • F. Downward spiral

50. Reason #3: Countries owed us money for WWI • Countries owed us money from the war • 1. We lent them money • 2. We were paying ourselves our own money!