The Roaring Twenties, The Great Depression and the New Deal

1. The Roaring Twenties, The Great Depression and the New Deal

2. Social values • Abstract standards or realistic variables in social life which are believed to be important and/or desirable.

3. Benchmarks • Describe changes in society and culture that led to conflicts in values in the 1920s (Scopes trial, influx of immigrants and the rise of the KKK, anti-immigration movements, prohibition, speakeasies and organized crime) • Describe the significance of the literature, arts, and feminism of the 1920s, including the "Lost Generation," the Harlem Renaissance, and flappers • Describe the innovations in transportation and communication and the impact they had on American society (mass production (e.g. Model T) increased mobility and how mass communication (e.g. radios) contributed to the birth of a mass popular culture)

4. • Analyze the causes of the Great Depression (disparity of wealth, speculation, the plight of farmers, and bank failures) • Describe the effects of the Great Depression (mass unemployment and homelessness) • Explain how programs in FDR's New Deal, including the FDIC, AAA, WPA, and Social Security, attempted to resolve problems brought on by the Great Depression • Explain the purpose and/or role of government programs and policies, including unemployment, minimum wage, and Social Security, and their effect on the nation's economy

5. WW I was over, all our soldiers came home. During the war, Russia had a civil war, where Lenin and his communists killed the entire Russian royal family and made the country communist. Czar Nicholas and his family “Communism sucks!”

6. That meant that everyone shared the wealth, no rich, no poor. The people lost many rights like freedom of speech and they could not choose their own leaders. They also felt that God was not important-- everyone should put their country before anything else. One of their slogans was “Workers Unite!” because they were for the working man and against the rich. This scared Americans--would communism come to America and threaten our way of life? .

7. The Red Scare The Russian Revolution scared a lot of Americans about Communism--it threatened the American Way of Life! Communism went against everything that America represented; capitalism, private ownership and freedom of speech.

8. “Put them out and keep them out” We were worried the Russians would try to make America communist. This made us more fearful of immigrants.

9. Swat the fly, but use common sense. Better Dead Than Red

10. Palmer Raids In 1919, the Justice Department was headed by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. He set up a special force to find Communists, socialists and anarchists. They jailed thousands of people, sent immigrants back to their countries and even expelled people who were elected to office because they had socialist beliefs.

11. A. Mitchell Palmer

12. Someone blew up Palmer’s house, but the bomber forgot to get out in time

13. Palmer Raids always left a mess

14. Sacco and Vanzetti Backlash against immigrants On April 15, 1920, a gunman robbed and killed the guard at a shoe factory in Massachusetts. Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants and were arrested for the crime. They both had guns, and Sacco’s was the same kind used in the crime. They were executed in 1927. Many felt that there really wasn’t enough evidence against them, but that they were singled out because they were immigrants.

15. Sacco and Vanzetti

16. Keep ‘em out! Nativists ruled! Many felt immigrants couldn’t totally be loyal to the U.S. Many citizens didn’t like immigrants who were Catholic and Jews. They feared immigrants would take jobs, or that they might be communists or socialists.

18. By the 1920s the U.S. was really getting tired of all the immigrants coming in to our country.

19. KKK - They were haters! The Ku Klux Klan was an organization of people that were against Blacks, immigrants and Jewish people. They worked to intimidate people through lynchings, beatings, burnings and other forms of terrorism. They dominated through fear. Interesting fact: they wore white sheets to signify The ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers

20. “Hey, let’s wear silly costumes and hate anyone who’s not like us!”

21. We Were Haters! • The KKK had a big resurgence in the 1920s because of immigration. • The KKK became so dominant Oklahoma in 1923 that the governor declared martial law to keep the Klan under control • By 1924, the Klan had 4-5 million members. • Congress limited immigration and set up a quota, or a numerical limit on immigrants from each country. Asian immigration was banned altogether.

22. As the number of immigrants from Europe decreased, immigrants from Canada and Mexico came into the U.S. to fill the low-paying jobs.

23. Put Down That Glass! The 18th Amendment Breaks Up the Party • Prohibition made it illegal to make or sell alcohol • The rich opened speakeasies, private clubs where alcohol was sold • Poorer people made “bathtub gin” and sometimes died from drinking it • Pharmacists wrote prescriptions for “medicinal” alcohol • Production of legal sacramental wine increased by hundreds of thousands of gallons

25. The Thug Life Organized Crime is Top Dog What is organized crime? • Organized crime got its stronghold by controlling most of the smuggling and distribution of illegal alcohol • Many government officials took bribes from criminals • Al Capone was one of the most well-known criminals of this era, he was eventually jailed for tax evasion and became mentally ill from syphilis

27. The Lost Generation • Writers who believed they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values • Many lived in Greenwich Village in New York City • Many began to dislike America and moved to other places like Paris • Thought the rich were shallow and self-centered • F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby • Ernest Hemingway wrote The Sun Also Rises

28. Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby explored the lives of shallow rich people. Hemingway eventually committed suicide

30. Prejudice against Blacks was at an all-time high In 1919, race riots erupted in 25 cities, things were tense The Tulsa race riot started when A white girl said that a nineteen-year-old colored boy attempted to assault her in a public elevator. A mob of Whites went on a rampage that killed fifty white men; between 150 and 200 colored men, women and children; the destruction by fire of $1,500,000 worth of property; and the looting of many homes.

31. They were other race riots too - Whites attacking Black neighborhoods because of rumors of a crime. In St. Louis, Whites were believing rumors that Blacks were buying up guns. The riot began when whites heard that a robbery had taken place. Over 200 were killed and many Blacks left St. Louis after that. “By afternoon the crowd invaded the area south of Broadway Homes were set on fire. Negroes who attempted to escape the flames were picked off one at a time. Another Negro was lynched from a telephone pole. Encouraged by mobs who shouted, "Burn 'em out." the rioters destroyed over 200 homes.”

32. The Harlem Renaissance was a flowering of African American literature, arts, and music; A direct result of the Great Migration - Blacks were experiencing the good life in the North • Huge increase in the number of Blacks living in Harlem in New York City • In the 1920s many writers emerged • They wrote about the Black experience • Dorothy West wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God

35. I, too, sing America. I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong… Tomorrow, I’ll be at the table When company comes. Nobody’ll dare Say to me, “Eat in the kitchen,” Then. Besides, They’ll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed-- I, too, am America. Langston Hughes

36. Poet Langston Hughes

37. Jazz and the Blues became very popular. For the first time, Black culture transferred into White culture. Black pride groups, like the NAACP (started by W.E.B. DuBois) helped blacks to feel empowered. Marcus Garvey, born in Jamaica, started a movement for U.S. Blacks to think about moving back to Africa, where there would be no discrimination against them. “Look to Africa, for there a king will be crowned.”

38. Garvey's goal was "to unite all people of African ancestry of the world to one great body to establish a country and absolute government of their own.” DuBois thought Garvey was crazy. Garvey called DuBois “purely and simply a white man's n**ger," Rastafarians consider Garvey a religious prophet. “Emancipate yourself from mental slavery, none but ourselves can free our mind.”

39. Flappers - A New Immoral Woman! They were the “new” women. They had bobbed hair, short dresses, they smoked and drank, they danced exotic dances and they also had two important things: • Birth control - diaphragms were introduced by Margaret Sanger • The Vote The new American woman was more free, sexually, politically, and socially.

41. Oh, those immoral flappers!

42. “My candle burns at both ends. It will not last the night. But ah, my foes, and oh, my friends--it gives a lovely light.” Edna St. Vincent Millay

43. Scopes “Monkey Trial” 1925 • Science was becoming more advanced: people were beginning to understand how science explained the world around us • Teacher John Scopes didn’t like that there were laws that made teaching the Theory of Evolution illegal • He convinced a friend to file a suit against him and was charged with illegally teaching Darwin’s Theory of Evolution • His lawyer was Clarence Darrow • William Jennings Bryan was the prosecutor

45. In a brilliant move, Scopes attorney Clarence Darrow put the other attorney on the stand to testify as an expert on the Bible. Under intense questioning, William Jennings Bryan admitted the Bible should not be interpreted literally. What did he mean? • This was the first trial ever broadcast over radio • Scopes was declared guilty and fined $100 • William Jennings Bryan died a few days after the trial ended

46. It was so hot and crowded they moved the trial outside Darrow cross examines Bryan

47. John Scopes during sentencing, Clarence Darrow is on the left

48. This problem still stands today. There are continuing arguments about what teachers should teach students: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, nothing, or the Theory of Intelligent Design.

49. Have You Driven a Ford Lately? • Henry Ford did not invent the automobile • He envisioned a car for the masses that the average worker could afford • The first Model T came out in 1909 • He sold 11,000 the first year • He made headlines by paying his workers $5 a day-- almost double the going rate • He hated the unions and wouldn’t tolerate laziness • He perfected the assembly line

50. By 1914, Ford was producing one car every 24 seconds