C H A P T E R

1. QUIT 12 C H A P T E R Reconstruction and Its Effects CHAPTER OBJECTIVE The Politics of Reconstruction 1 SECTION Reconstructing Society 2 SECTION The Collapse of Reconstruction 3 SECTION VISUAL SUMMARY

2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVE HOME 12 C H A P T E R Reconstruction and Its Effects To understand the political struggle, accomplishments, and failures of Reconstruction in the years following the Civil War

3. HOME 12 C H A P T E R Reconstruction and Its Effects I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y The year is 1865, and at last the Civil War is over. The South’s primary labor system, slavery, has been abolished. About 4.5 million African Americans now have their freedom but lack money, property, education, and opportunity. Southern states are beginning the process of readmission to the Union, but the effects of war continue to be felt throughout the South. Rail lines are unusable. Farms, plantations, and factories lie in ruins. What goals should the government set to reconstruct the South? Examine the Issues • How can Northern resources help the South? • In what ways can the South rebuild its economy? • What can the government do to assist African Americans?

4. TIME LINE 1865Andrew Johnson becomes president after Lincoln’s assassination. 1866Austro-Prussian War is fought. 1867First South African diamond field is discovered. 1866President Johnson presses for moderate Reconstruction policies. 1867U.S. buys Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. 1868Congress impeaches President Johnson. Ulysses S. Grant is elected president. 1869Mohandas K. Gandhi is born in India. HOME 12 C H A P T E R Reconstruction and Its Effects The United States The World 1864Confederacy surrenders at Appomattox. continued . . .

5. TIME LINE 1870Unification of Italy is completed. 1872Horace Greeley runs for president as a Liberal Republican. President Grant is reelected. 1874British declare Gold Coast of Africa a colony. 1871Kaiser Wilhelm I unifies Germany. 1871U.S. and Great Britain sign Treaty of Washington. 1876Hayes-Tilden presidential election results in deadlock. 1877Federal troops withdraw from the South. Rutherford B. Hayes is inaugurated. 1875France’s National Assembly votes to continue the Third Republic. HOME 12 C H A P T E R Reconstruction and Its Effects The United States The World

6. 1 S E C T I O N The Politics of Reconstruction 1 S E C T I O N HOME KEY IDEA Congress opposed Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction and instead implemented its own plan to rebuild the South. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

7. 1 S E C T I O N The Politics of Reconstruction •Andrew Johnson •Thaddeus Stevens •Wade-Davis Bill •Freedmen’s Bureau •black codes •impeach •Reconstruction •Radical Republicans •Fourteenth Amendment •Fifteenth Amendment 1 S E C T I O N HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Reconstruction was an important step in African Americans’ struggle for civil rights. Congress opposed Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction and instead implemented its own plan to rebuild the South. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

8. 1 S E C T I O N The Politics of Reconstruction ASSESSMENT 1 S E C T I O N HOME 1. Look at the chart to help organize your thoughts. List several features of presidential Reconstruction and congressional Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction Congressional Reconstruction • Executive branch should lead Reconstruction • Return South to the Union quickly • States to rejoin the Union if they withdrew their secession, swore allegiance to the Union, annulled Confederate war debts • Ratify the Thirteenth Amendment • Punish slaveholders • Congress should lead Reconstruction • Blacks needed land, the vote, and legal protection to effect Reconstruction • Passage of Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and Reconstruction Act continued . . .

9. 1 S E C T I O N The Politics of Reconstruction ASSESSMENT 1 S E C T I O N HOME 2. Describe how Reconstruction might have been different if Abraham Lincoln had lived. ANSWER Presidential reconstruction may have been viewed more favorably because of Lincoln’s stature and his increased wartime powers. continued . . .

10. 1 S E C T I O N The Politics of Reconstruction ASSESSMENT 1 S E C T I O N HOME 3. What was the primary focus of the major Reconstruction legislation? ANSWER Granting and providing legal protection of African Americans’ civil rights continued . . .

11. 1 S E C T I O N The Politics of Reconstruction ASSESSMENT 1 S E C T I O N HOME 4. Do you think the Radical Republicans were justified in impeaching President Johnson? Why or why not? Think About: •the controversy over Reconstruction policies •the meaning of the Tenure of Office Act •Johnson’s vetoes ANSWER Yes: Johnson was not carrying out his constitutional obligation to enforce the Reconstruction Act. For instance he removed military officers who attempted to enforce the act. No: Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, which Johnson believed to be unconstitutional. When Johnson forced a test of this act, the House impeached him. End of Section 1

12. 2 S E C T I O N Reconstructing Society 2 S E C T I O N HOME KEY IDEA Various groups contributed to the rebuilding of Southern society after the war. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

13. 2 S E C T I O N Reconstructing Society •Hiram Revels •sharecropping •scalawag •carpetbagger •tenant farming 1 S E C T I O N HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Various groups contributed to the rebuilding of Southern society after the war. Many African-American institutions, including colleges and churches, were established during Reconstruction. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

14. 2 S E C T I O N Reconstructing Society ASSESSMENT 2 S E C T I O N HOME 1. List five problems facing the South after the Civil War and at least one attempted solution for each one. Problem Attempted Solution Physical devastation Public works programs Former slaves separated from theirfamilies Search for family members Lack of education New schools established Lack of land Southern Homestead Act Labor shortage Sharecropping or tenant farming continued . . .

15. 2 S E C T I O N Reconstructing Society ASSESSMENT 2 S E C T I O N HOME 2. How did the Civil War weaken the Southern economy? Give examples to support your answer. ANSWER • It destroyed the South’s infrastructure, including bridges and roads. • devastated the population • devalued property • increased personal and government debts • increased taxes • limited land available for freedmen continued . . .

16. 2 S E C T I O N Reconstructing Society ASSESSMENT 2 S E C T I O N HOME 3. Thaddeus Stevens believed that giving land to former slaves was more important than giving them the vote. Do you agree or disagree? Why? ANSWER Agree—because freed persons needed their own land in order to gain economic independence. Disagree—because the right to vote gave freed men the power to change society’s laws. continued . . .

17. 2 S E C T I O N Reconstructing Society ASSESSMENT 2 S E C T I O N HOME 4. Which accomplishment of African Americans during Reconstruction do you consider most significant? Explain your choice. Think About: •the development of a free African-American community •the lingering effects of slavery •opportunities for leadership ANSWER Churches: controlled by African Americans, ministers emerged as leaders Schools: increased African American literacy Political involvement: power to attain equal rights End of Section 2

18. 3 S E C T I O N The Collapse of Reconstruction 3 S E C T I O N HOME KEY IDEA Southern opposition to Radical Reconstruction, along with economic problems in the North, ended Reconstruction. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

19. 3 S E C T I O N The Collapse of Reconstruction •Compromise of 1877 •panic of 1873 •Samuel J. Tilden •home rule •redemption •Ku Klux Klan (KKK) •Rutherford B. Hayes 3 S E C T I O N HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Southern opposition to Radical Reconstruction, along with economic problems in the North, ended Reconstruction. The failure of Congress and the Supreme Court to protect the rights of African Americans during Reconstruction delayed blacks’ achievement of full civil rights by over a century. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

20. 3 S E C T I O N The Collapse of Reconstruction ASSESSMENT Event Two Event Four Event Six Event One Event Three Event Five Event Seven 3 S E C T I O N HOME 1. Look at the time line below to help organize your thoughts. List the major events that ended Reconstruction. 1873Supreme Court issued Slaughterhouse rulings. 1870–1871Enforcement Acts passed. 1872Crédit Mobilier 1866Ku Klux Klan founded. 1872 Amnesty Act passed. 1873Panic 1876Hayes elected president. continued . . .

21. 3 S E C T I O N The Collapse of Reconstruction ASSESSMENT 3 S E C T I O N HOME 2. What were the positive and negative effects of Reconstruction? ANSWER Negatives—Democrats overthrew Radical reforms and curtailed African Americans’ civil rights; many African Americans and poor whites were trapped in a cycle of poverty due to sharecropping; Positives—African Americans founded churches, schools, and volunteer groups; they also displayed political and social leadership that inspired their descendants. continued . . .

22. 3 S E C T I O N The Collapse of Reconstruction ASSESSMENT HOME 3. During Reconstruction, was the presidency weak or strong? ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSE: Weak—During Reconstruction, presidents were hampered in their leadership by the following: poor relations with Congress, failure to use the power of their office, political inexperience, and economic turmoil. continued . . .

23. 3 S E C T I O N The Collapse of Reconstruction ASSESSMENT 3 S E C T I O N HOME 4. Do you think the political deal to settle the election of 1876 was an appropriate solution? Explain why or why not. Think About: •the causes of the conflict over the election •other possible solutions to the controversy •the impact of the settlement ANSWER Yes: Each group was satisfied with its gains: The Republicans got the presidency, and the Democrats were able to put an end to Radical Reconstruction in the South. No: The presidency should not be negotiable. The candidate who wins the popular vote should become President. End of Section 3