Noun: A content work that qualifies the meaning of a noun or a verb.

2. Noun: A content work that qualifies the meaning of a noun or a verb.

3. Looking under the bed, my birthday gift was spotted. -Looking under the bed, I spotted my birthday gift. • Wrapped in silver foil, I ate my hamburger. -I ate my hamburger that had been wrapped in silver foil. • Shining in the distance, I saw a star. -I saw a star shining in the distance.

4. Limiting Modifiers: • Only, Just, Even, Almost, and Nearly -Limiting modifiers should be before the word they modify. • Doctors in Buffalo, New Yorkjust recently conducted a study. • The doctors studied nearly50 students taking medication for procrastination. • A planner was given to only halfthe students.

5. A misplaced modifier can result in a completely different meaning, because the modifier is modifying another object. -Example: The fire fighter raced into the building, sweating profusely. Sweating profusely, the fire fighter raced into the building.

6. The bartender served beer to the patrons in a glass. • -The bartender served beer in a glass to the patrons. • Johnny Knoxville ate tacos with dirty hands. • -With dirty hands, Johnny Knoxville ate burgers.

7. Awkwardly Placed Modifiers Awkward sentence: Harry, studying for his O.W.L.S., was interrupted by a dragon. Studying for his O.W.L.S., Harry was interrupted by a dragon. Keep it simple!

8. Subject+Verb+Modifier+Object • Ron received an embarrassing howler. • The modifier should always go right next to the object it’s modifying. • An adverb should NEVER separate a verb from its object!

9. What is an infinitive? An infinitive consists of “to” and the base form of a verb. • Examples: to laugh, to read, to think.

10. Splitting an infinitive occurs when a modifier is placed between “to” and the verb. • Awkward: He urged me to if possible visit the museum. • Better: He urged me to visit the museum if possible.

11. Using split infinitives to avoid awkwardness • Awkward: We wanted actually to go to the park for once. • Better: We wanted to actually go to the park for once.

12. When both splitting infinitives and not splitting infinitives sound alright. Alright: He asked to quickly go to the library. Better: He asked to go to the library quickly.

13. A modifier that doesn’t refer to anything specific in the sentence. • They suggest but don’t name an actor. • Examples • -After going to the library, the essay was finished. • -Did the essay go to the library? • -While eating lunch, the electricity went out. • -Was the electricity eating lunch?

14. Participial phrase • -Deciding to play college football, Mr. and Mrs. Wright hugged Andrew. • -When Andrew decided to play college football, Mr. and Mrs. Wright hugged him. • Preposition followed by a gerund phrase • -After becoming a princess, the paparazzi followed her. • -After becoming a princess, Diana was followed by paparazzi.

15. Common Kinds of Dangling Modifiers • Infinitive phrase • -To pass the test, the review should be completed. • -To pass the test, Abby had to complete the review. • Elliptical clause • -Though not an official member, the band welcomed Sally with open arms. • -Though Sally wasn’t an official member, the bank welcomed her with open arms.

16. Name the actor in the modifier • Name the actor in the subject of the sentence Don’t Forget: You can’t fix a dangling modifier just by moving it.

17. To pass the test, the review should be completed. • A) Split infinitive • B) Misplaced modifier • C) Dangling modifier – correct answer • D) Limiting modifier • He urged me to if possible visit the museum • A) Limiting modifier • B) Split infinitive – correct answer • C) Misplaced modifier • D) Dangling modifier

18. Wrapped in silver foil, I ate my hamburger • A) Misplaced modifier – correct answer • B) Split infinitive • C) Dangling modifier • D) Limiting modifier • A planner was given to only half the students. • A) Dangling modifier • B) Limiting modifier – correct answer • C) Split infinitive • D) Misplaced modifier

19. The fire fighter raced into the building, sweating profusely. • A) Misplaced modifier – correct answer • B) Limiting modifier • C) Dangling modifier • D) Split infinitive • After becoming a princess, the paparazzi followed her. • A) Limiting modifier • B) Split infinitive • C) Misplaced modifier • D) Dangling modifier – correct answer

20. Looking under the bed, my birthday gift was spotted • A) Dangling modifier • B) Limiting modifier • C) Split modifier • D) Misplaced modifier – correct answer • He asked to quickly go to the library. • A) Split infinitive – correct answer • B) Misplaced modifier • C) Dangling modifier • D) Limiting modifier

21. The bartender served beer to the patrons in a glass. • A) Dangling modifier • B) Limiting modifier • C) Misplaced modifier – correct answer • D) Split infinitive • Deciding to play college football, Mr. and Mrs. Wright hugged Andrew. • A) Split infinitive • B) Limiting modifier • C) Dangling modifier – correct answer • D) Misplaced modifier