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Mental Development

Mental Development. Dr. Oğuzhan Zahmacıoğlu 2015. AIMS. a) Learning about normal child developmental stages b) Learning about the importance of the healt h -care professionals in promoting healthy mental development.

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Mental Development

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  1. Mental Development Dr. Oğuzhan Zahmacıoğlu 2015

  2. AIMS a) Learning about normal child developmental stages b) Learning about the importance of the health-care professionals in promoting healthy mental development. c) Understanding the differences between normal and abnormal child development.

  3. Understanding normal development is important because: • MOST CHILD PSYCHIATRIC AND PSCHIATRIC DISORDERS CAN BE CONCEPTUALIZED AS DEVIATIONS OR DELAYS FROM NORMAL DEVELOPMENT

  4. Development=Child X Time X Environmet • CNS is maturing • Child is learning • Development is a continuous process • Developmental Problems may be caused by: Emerging disabilities (language disorders) Degenerative disorders Environmental problems

  5. Components of Assessment 1. Sensory: vision-hearing 2. Motor skills: Gross motor-fine motor 3. Cognitive skills: a) Verbal b) non verbal c) Symbolic understanding 4. Behavioral skills: a) Attention control b) Social development c) Sterotipic or abnormal behavior

  6. Hearing Birth to 3 months: startles to loud noises, 4-6 weeks: turns head to nearby speaker 10-12 weeks: chuckles (reciprocal vocalization) 4-7 months: auditory localizing response to quiet voice, frequent vocalizations, babbles 8-12 months: long babbles (dad-dad; mum-mum) 9-10 months: imitates adult playful sounds, knows and turns to own name 12-18 months: obeys single instructions

  7. Vision • Neonate: pupils dilate to light, blinks in bright light • 1-3 months: scans surroundings, follows dangling ball at 20-30 cm • 4-6 months: reaches for toys, grasps, watches objects falling • 7-12 months: picks up pellets between finger and thumb • 1-2 years improving visual acuity, but difficult to hold attention.

  8. Non-verbal Skills • Permanence of objects: 4 months: Peek-a-boo 6 m: Holds gaze on point of disappearence 10 m: Finds toy under cloth 2. Relationships: 8m: Retrieves ball by string 10: takes cube out of a cup 18: puts peg in a hole

  9. 3. Motor constructive: 13 months: will put one brick on top of another Delay if: less than 3 bricks at 18m. less than 8 bricks at age 3 4. Perceptuomotor: Copies circle at age 3.5 Draws humpty dumpty man at 3.5 Draws arms and legs from body at age 6

  10. Language : receptive • 9-13 months: wave bye-bye • 11-18 m: where is mummy’s nose? • 18-27m: give doll to mummy. • 42-48 months: give me the shoe, the doll and the brush.

  11. Language: expressive • 2.5-4.5 m: vowel sound ( aguu) • 5-8: babble (ba) • 7-10: repetitive babble (ba-ba; de-de) • 11-18 months: words (at least three) • 18-27 m: two word sentence (mummy go) • 27-36: three word sentence (daddy gone work) • 33-42: grammatically correct simple sentences. • 45-60: Complex sentence

  12. Gross motor development • 95% of children are able to sit between 6-12 months • Walk between 11-18 months.

  13. Attention Control • 3-6 months: internal but switches to “strong” external stimulus • 6-11 m: switches to new dominant stimulus, unable to prevent switch, eager, interested in everything new. • 11-15: able to sustain attention once given and ignore new stimuli, imitative, interested in adult choice • 15-27: focuses attention absolutely and inflexibly, rejects adult interference, increasingly negative • 2.5-3.5: single channelled but more flexible, pride in achivement, realization of reward and benefit.

  14. 3.5-4.5: refocusing more under child’s control, enjoys age appropriate developmental tasks and achievement. • Age 4-5: two channelled in one-to one small group, keen to participate, • 5-6yrs: two channelled in large group, enjoys being one of a group, conforming.

  15. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development • Sensori-motor Phase: Below 2yrs.: infant learns directly from his sensations and actions. • Concrete-preoperational: 2-6 yrs: child can make mental representations of objects and imagine actions related to them. Egocentric, unable to understand the perspective of others.

  16. Concrete operational: 7-11yrs: Child is able to think logically but only in concrete terms. • Formal operational: 11 years onwards: Child is able to think in abstract terms and develop concepts.

  17. ATTACHMENT • Bowlby (Attachment and Loss,1969) • Attachment between parent and baby is the background of later social relationships. • Attachment is a mechanism that has evolutionary roots, and biologically organized. • Stranger anxiety in the baby indicates attachment. • Attachment forms the base for the baby’s emotional security.

  18. When the attachment system is activated: • Behaviors toward proximity seeking to the attachment object are activated. • For human beings the critical period for attachment to develop is between 6-18 months.

  19. Attachment Styles (Ainsworth; 1978) • Insecure/avoidant type (TypeA ) (%20) • Secure attachment (Type B ) (%70) • Insecure Resistant/anxious (Type C ) (%10) • Disorganized type

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