DECLARATIVE SENTENCE

1. FOLLOW YOUR HEART, BECAUSE IF YOU ALWAYS TRUST YOUR MIND, YOU’LL ALWAYS ACT ON LOGIC, AND LOGIC DOESN’T ALWAYS LEAD TO HAPPINESS!

2. GIRLS WHO HAVE CRUSH ON ME TEND TO KISS ME AT MY COMMAND. WHEN YOUR GRANDMOTHER AND ME MET, SHE INTENTIONALLY KISSED ME. • YOUR GRANDMOTHER HAS A CRUSH ON ME!

3. DECLARATIVE SENTENCE NP: NOUN PHRASE VP: VERB PHRASE PREDICATE: A predicate is seen as a property that a subject has or is characterized by.

4. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? MIND BODY AUGUSTE RODIN’S: THINKER

5. How was Philosophy coined? • Lover of pleasure • Lover of success • Lover of wisdom: • “philla” • love • “sophia” • Wisdom Greek (Pythagoras): men could be divided into 3 types

6. ENDLESS INQUIRIES & SPECULATIONS WHAT DO WE CREATE IN THE ABSENCE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY?

7. WE CREATE MYTHS IN GUESSING WHAT THE WORLD IS MADE OF! ANCIENT GREEKS: GREEK MYTHOLOGY

10. WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE WORLD IF NO ONE WILL ASK A QUESTION? • ULTIMATE QUESTION IN LIFE?

11. PHILOSOPHY • Universal Science: • encompassing the totality of reality • Rejects: • myth, hearsay and wishful thinking. • Makes conclusion using: • empirical evidence.

12. The mere knowledge that ice is cold and that stone is hard, is not science. • But the knowledge why ice is cold and why stone is hard is science. • It is knowing the reasons (causes of things) for the fact! • Certitude and not merely probability!

13. METAPHYSICS

14. BASIC QUESTIONS ON METAPHYSICS: • What is the ultimate reality? • Is reality one or may different things? • Can reality be grasped by the senses or is it transcendent? • We can see things made of matter, such as book or a chair, but we cannot see the underlying matter itself --- the concept of such matter that is conceived by our minds! • Although we can experience in our minds thoughts, ideas, desires and fantasies, we cannot observe or experience the mind itself which is having these thoughts, ideas, and desires.

15. APPEARANCE VS REALITY

16. APPEARANCE AS REAL = RESULT OF CONDITIONED EDUCATION

17. BASIC QUESTIONS ON ETHICS? • What is morally right? • Are there any objective standards of right and wrong? • Are moral values absolute or relative?

18. BASIC QUESTIONS ON EPISTEMOLOGY? • What is knowledge? • Is knowledge acquired exclusively through the senses or by some other means? • How do we know that what we perceive through our senses is correct? • Is it possible to have reliable knowledge at all? • Does reason provide us with knowledge of the world independent of experience? • Does our knowledge represent reality as it really is?

22. ABSTRACTION : TO SEPARATE ESSENTIAL NOT ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL = REAL CONSISTENT AND DOES NOT CHANGE

24. “THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE”

25. #2 • Is it possible to have reliable knowledge at all? • Does reason provide us with knowledge of the world independent of experience? • Does our knowledge represent reality as it really is?

26. MORAL RELATIVISM OR SUBJECTIVISM: ACTION IS GOOD ONLY ON THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER MORAL OBJECTIVISM: MORALITY EXISTS INDEPENDENTLY OF WHAT ANYONE THINKS IS RIGHT OR WRONG

28. #3 • In making crucial decisions, should we consider only our own good (egoism) or the good of others (altruism)? • When is an act right or wrong? • What standards should determined the morality of an act?

29. LOGIC • Detecting faulty arguments whether it is valid or invalid in daily discourse. • Aristotle on truth: • Agreement of knowledge with reality • Truth exists when the mind’s mental representations (ideas) correspond with things in the objective world.

30. LOGIC: DETECTING FAULTY (INVALID) ARGUMENTS #4 VALID & SOUND: AGREEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE WITH REALITY (MATERIAL LOGIC) MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS = CORRESPOND WITH THE OBJECTIVE WORLD

34. BASIC QUESTIONS ON LOGIC: • What makes an argument valid or invalid? • What is a sound argument? • What is the difference between truth and validity?

35. PROCESS OF INDUCTION (ASSUMPTION) PERCEPTUAL KNOWING GENERAL IDEAS ARE FORMED FROM THE EXAMINATION OF PARTICULAR FACTS

37. REAL KNOWLEDGE IS BASED ON GENERAL LAWS THAT REASON DEVELOPS (DEDUCTION) CONCEPTUAL KNOWING

39. All lasers are optical devices. • Some lasers are surgical instruments. • Therefore, some optical devices are surgical instruments.

40. TRUTH CLAIMS? • “masarapmagmahal, • nagmamahalako, samakatuwid… • masarapako!” • God is love, • but love is blind. • Therefore, God is blind!”

41. CHEESY LINES: LOGIC • kung may rabisanglaway mo.. • handaakongmaulol, MAHALIKAN LANG KITA… • sanaulan ka at lupaako, • para kung ayawmo’tsa gusto, sakinangbagsak mo… • Tae ka ba? • Di kasikitamatiis at magawangtapakan. • Taposnabaang exam mo? • Para akonamansagutin mo. • parakanglibag, • pilitkitanginaalisperobalik ka pa rinngbalik • kulangot ka ba?? • hard to get ka kasi .. • Politiko ka ba? • Botokasi parents kosayo! • Utot ka ba? • Anghirap mo kasingpakawalan!

42. DIVISION OF LOGIC • SIMPLE APPREHENSION • JUDGMENT • REASONING

43. SIMPLE APPREHENSION (“Intuitionism”) • intellect grasps the essence of something. • Apprehension (capture): • Thing is held mentally. • Simple: • without any affirmation or denial about it.

44. JUDGMENT • Mental operation that pronounces: • the identity or non-identity between two ideas.

45. REASONING • A mental act that proceeds from the previously known truth to a new truth.

46. EXAMPLES: • SIMPLE APPREHENSION: • JUDGMENT: • REASONING:

47. SIMPLE APPREHENSION JUDGMENT REASONING

48. AESTHETICS

50. PLATO: BEAUTY IS IDENTICAL WITH THE GOOD (ETERNAL/ PERFECT) GADAMER: BEAUTY IS RELATIVE (DEPENDING ON ONE’S CULTURE) ARISTOTLE: BEAUTY IS SYMMETRY & PROPORTION (NATURAL LAW)