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Russian Domain

Russian Domain . Part II. What’s in Soviet era and Post-Soviet era ? . Gorbachev. Lenin. Yeltsin. Stalin. Putin. Marxism. Karl Marx’s class analysis of Germany, Britain Working-class power “Dictatorship of Proletariat” “People’s Democracy” First need capitalism/

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Russian Domain

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  1. Russian Domain Part II

  2. What’s in Soviet era and Post-Soviet era ? Gorbachev Lenin Yeltsin Stalin Putin

  3. Marxism • Karl Marx’s class analysis of Germany, Britain • Working-class power • “Dictatorship of Proletariat” • “People’s Democracy” • First need capitalism/ industry to create workers • Socialism stage to Communism

  4. RussianMarxism • Russia had mainly peasantry: • Bolsheviks (Majority radicals) • faction of Russian Communists representing the interests of the industrial workers • Mensheviks (Minority moderates) • Also anarchists, other social revolutionaries

  5. POLITICAL FRAMEWORK : 1917- 1992 • INHERITED RUSSIAN EMPIRE LEGACY (What Lenin saw as a national problem) • REVOLUTION (1905-1917) • V.I. LENIN (VLADIMIR ILYICH ULYANOV) Era- 1917-24 • BOLSHEVIKS - led by Lenin, centralized power and introduced communism (economic system) • LENIN’S SOLUTION TO RUSSIAN CENTRIFUGAL FORCES WAS TO CREATE AFEDERAL STRUCTURE (FEDERATION) • USSR (UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS)

  6. Lenin on national self-determination • Lenin’s belief: • Federal units delimited according to geographic extent of ethno-national communities would assume political equality among at least major nations of new state (USSR) • Nationalism of the oppressor vs. Nationalism of the oppressed • Criticized Russian majority nationalism • Lenin’s belief: • Federation provides certain measures of independence • Federation was a way to bring the reluctant areas of former Russian empire into the Soviet fold. • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 1922 • Lenin’s belief: • Most important: Nationalism would eventually be replaced by Communism

  7. Josef Stalinera, 1927-53 • Lenin Died 1924; then 3-year power struggle • Petrograd renamed Leningrad • Centralism of Czarist Russia • centralized power in Moscow, • limiting national autonomy • True federal system declined • BY 1930s the nations were punished for displaying their nationalism • Ruthless murder of dissidents; purges of leaders, Millions killed

  8. Eastern Europe after WWI Establishment of Exclaves. Finland, Estonia Latvia, Lithuania Poland Czechoslovakia Austria, Hungary Yugoslavia Romania gains Bessarabia (Moldova)

  9. Stalinist “State Socialism” • Central planning of “Command Economy” • Heavy industrialization to catch up to West • Forced collectivization of private farmlands • Discredited socialism as led by The People

  10. Stalin on nationalism • Ethnic Georgian (Dzhugashvili) but pro-Russian • Feared, repressed ethnic minorities & religions • Russification of minorities (Cyrillic) • Ruled republics through Russified elites, money • Constructed ethnic groups from local identities • Divide-and-rule through ethnic boundaries • “Time bombs” of minorities within republics • Yet boundaries strengthened identity later

  11. FORMER SOVIET UNION S.S.R.s Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR) • Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) : • Ukrainian Kazakh • Byelorussian • Kirghiz • Georgian • Turkmen • Armenian • Tadzhik • Azerbaijan • Uzbek

  12. Ethnic minority areas within S.S.R.s

  13. Ethnic minority areas within S.S.R.s(mainly within RSFSR) • Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) • Autonomous Oblast (Region) • Autonomous Okrug (District)

  14. WW II, 1939-41 • Pact with Germany (to delay inevitable?) • Annexed eastern Poland, Baltics, Bessarabia (Moldavia) • Invaded Finland (Winter War) • Nazis invade USSR, June 1941 • Stalin allies with Brits, U.S.

  15. WW II, 1941-45 • Germans besieged Leningrad through winter • Failed to seize Moscow (government moved east) • Halted at Stalingrad, before Caspian Sea • 20 million Soviets dead, country devastated

  16. Russian nationalism in WWII • Stalin used “Mother Russia” to rally USSR • “Traitorous” minority ethnic groups • Some initially welcomed Germans (or outdid them) • But Nazis wanted Lebensraum (Living Space) • Stalin relocates ethnic Germans, Chechens, etc.

  17. USSR after WWII (Re)annexed territory Baltics, Moldavia, E. Poland. Took E. Prussia (Kaliningrad) Troops stay East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria Independent Communist “partisan” states Yugoslavia, Albania, China (1949)

  18. IronCurtain1946-89 • Churchill speech, 1946 • Divided West from all Communist states • Berlin Airlift 1948

  19. NATO vs. Warsaw Pact W. Germany in NATO Warsaw Pact formed 1955 NATO-Soviet nuclear race

  20. Revolts in EasternEurope • East Germany, 1953 • Hungarian Revolution, 1956 • Broad-based opposition to Stalinism

  21. Nikita Khrushchev, 1953-64 • Russian from Ukraine • “Destalinization”: less repressive • Consumer goods emphasis • “Virgin Lands” settlement • Visited, confronted U.S. but backed down in Berlin, Cuba

  22. Leonid Brezhnev, 1964-82 • Stalin & Khrushchev policies • Economic stagnancy • Military superpower • Invaded Czechoslovakia, 1968 • Rivalry with China; clash 1969 • Détente with U.S., 1972 • Invaded Afghanistan, 1979

  23. Polish Solidarity, 1980-81 • Poles revolted 1956, 1968, 1970 • Poland looser than others, 1970s • Hungary also “Goulash Communist” • Polish Pope, 1978 • Workers strikes spread from Gdansk, 1980 • Polish military crackdown, 1981

  24. Last days of USSR • Yuri Andropov (ex-KGB), 1982-84 • War fears, spending on “Euromissile” race • Konstantin Chernenko (Brezhnev clone), 1984-85 • Mikhail Gorbachev (glasnost) 1985-91

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