1 / 18

Learning Chapter 5

Learning Chapter 5. Learning. Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism. Learning occurs as a result of experiences in the environment Psychologists study the results of learning by examining overt behaviour or by measuring physiological changes. The Rules. Punishment.

adin
Download Presentation

Learning Chapter 5

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. LearningChapter 5

  2. Learning • Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism. • Learning occurs as a result of experiences in the environment • Psychologists study the results of learning by examining overt behaviour or by measuring physiological changes

  3. The Rules Punishment • A decrease in behavior • Positive punishment: An aversive consequence that suppress (or eliminates behavior). Positive Punishment is applied. • Negative Punishment: The loss of desired outcome that will suppress or inhibit behavior.

  4. Effective Punishment • Administer the punishment as soon as possible after the undesirable behavior • Punish consistently • Punish the behavior not the person • Be moderate and remain moderate • Provide a verbal rationale and provide response alternatives

  5. Learning & Memory The Importance of Schema=s • Learned Helplessness: When reinforcement or punishment is not contingent on behavior

  6. Internalized Schemas • Learned Helplessness starts with what we believe about how much control we have over our lives. • A schema can develop and is Aa generalization about our past experience that is dependent upon our history of reinforcement and punishment” • Converse of learned helplessness:ANothing succeeds like success@

  7. Observational Learning Insight Learning

  8. Observational Learning • Observational learning theory was developed by Albert Bandura over the past 30 years • Observational learning can occur without being reinforced

  9. Observational Learning • The acquisition of new information, concepts, or forms of behavior through observation of other people. • This could be extended to observation of the consequences and contingencies of events– not just other people. • BOBO DOLL Experiments

  10. Bandura=s Classic Study • An adult beats up a doll in front of one group of children • An adult behaves in a quiet non-aggressive way to the doll in front of another group of children • The children are given toys and their behavior towards the doll is recorded • Effect of observing rewarded or punished behavior

  11. Insight and Learning • Relevance of internal representations • Shaping and Chaining of Operants • Problem Solving • Creativity

  12. Insight • Insight involves discovering relationships between events • Wolfgang Köhler, a Gestalt psychologist, demonstrated insight in chimpanzees

  13. Insightful Problem Solving in Primates Not just chaining of operants Wolfgang K`hler & Sultan

  14. Insight problem solving in Pigeons Chaining of operants and rearranging order of chain. Epstein et al. & no-name pigeon

  15. Learning to Learn • Human beings learn how to learn • Researchers argue that lack of effective learning strategies is a major cause of low achievement by university students

  16. Key Variables in Observational Learning • Three factors are important in determining whether observational learning will occur: • The type and power of the model • The learner’s personality and degree of independence • The situation

  17. Are Evolutionary Theory and Learning Theory Incompatible? • Evolutionary theory is largely biological in focus • Learning theory stresses changes that occur in organisms due to life experiences • However, evolutionary theory does not rule out learning

  18. Learning and the Nervous System • Donald Hebb said that during learning the structure of the brain changes • Hebb called groups of coordinated neurons a reverberating circuit • The evolution of a temporary neural circuit into a more permanent one is called consolidation

More Related