Causes

1. Causes • Using prior knowledge, try to think of one to two SPECIFIC examples for each. • What do you think the Social (people) causes of the revolution were? • What do you think the Economic reasons were that caused the Revolution? • What Political problems caused the Revolution?

2. Beginnings of Revolution

3. Even in Enlight. The Old Regime stood Three estates 1st:Clergy( less than1%) 2nd: Nobles (2%) 3rd: Rest (98%) A Flawed System

4. 3rd Estate • Third Estate breakdown: • 1st group was bourgeoisie who had money but were not given rights. • 2nd group were poor city workers • 3rd group were the peasants • High taxes (up to 50%), low employment, no land ownership = discontent.

5. Three Estates

6. Crushing taxes and poverty Enlightenment ideas Agricultural problems -Bad Harvests in 1780s = increase of food prices Factors of Discontent

7. Money Problems • Debt from Louis XIV – How? • Seven Years War and American Revolution – expensive wars • Deficit Spending {spending more money then what you take in} • Jacques Necker – Louis XVI’s financial expert; his own abilities and ideas lead to his downfall -What did he call for? • Louis XVI responds to growing crisis by calling the Estates General (had not been called for 175 years) why not?

8. Weak leader, not in touch w/ people Marie Antoinette disliked by people May 5, 1789 meeting of Estates-General b/c of ineffectiveness. OWN WRONGDOING How do you think the Estates General would react? Louis XVI

10. Beginning of Revolution • Louis called for each Estate to prepare a cahier {for grievances} • How did voting work in the E.G? • 3rd Estates problem? -only delegates with land could vote -wanted votes to be counted “by head” • Abbe Sieyes • Argument

11. Abbe Sieyes, “What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been up to now in the political order? Nothing. What does it demand? To become something herein.”

12. Tennis Court Oath • June 17, 1789 – 3rd Estate breaks from E.G. • Declared they represented the people as a National Assembly • Delegates to the N.A. met in Tennis Court after original meeting hall was locked • Delegates swore to “never separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution” this is known as the Tennis Court Oath

13. Rebellion • June 17, 1789 3rd Estate form National Assembly. 1st act of revolution. • Tennis Court Oath

14. New Ideas • 1). How are Sieyes’ ideas different from the norm? • 2). In what way did Louis XVI deal with the situation with the 3rd Estate? How could he have handled it differently?

15. Some members of 1st and 2nd Estates join the National Assembly  Swiss mercenaries hired out of fear  panic July 14, 1789 Parisians storm Bastille in search of weapons. Led to peasant rebellions throughout country What does the Bastille symbolize? Bastille

17. Open Rebellion • In the countryside peasants destroyed old records, stole grain What is this event called? • In Paris – various factions come to power, chiefly amongst them was the Paris Commune • Marquis de Lafayette – ran the National Guard (mostly middle class) – many moderates looked to him, where else do we know him from?

18. Great Fearp. 578 • Rumors, fear spread through countryside. • Feudal ties no longer keep peasants on land. Noblemen give up rights. Why? • Spread to nobleman. Led to August 4, 1789 in the National Assembly. Fear driven speeches. • IMPORTANT IDEA!! • RADICALS BEGIN TO HOLD MORE POWER OVER THE MASSES.

19. Ending Privilege • 04AUG1789 – National Assembly voted to abolish traditional rights of the nobles, including exemption from taxes. • First major step towards providing all malecitizens equality “Feudalism is abolished”

20. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen • August 27, 1789 Nat. Assembly adopted the Declaration which guaranteed: • Men born equal • Equal right to hold office – merit based • Liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression. Who does this remind you of? • Freedom of speech, religion • “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” • Similar to which ideas we have studied? • How did Louis XVI react?

21. Olympe de Gouges • Writer of “Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen” • Called for equality for both males and females • Not universally accepted, some women were persecuted for their thoughts later on in the revolution.

22. Oct. 5, 1789 riot over bread led to march on Versailles. Return of monarchy to Paris (Held hostage) Bread Riot

23. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy • Issued 1790 by the National Assembly • Bishops, priests and other clergy are elected • Dissolved convents and monasteries why? • What did the government do to clergy who did not support this? • Did this have universal support?

24. Constitution of 1791 • Set up limited monarchy • Established the Legislative Assembly -could make laws, collect taxes, declare war or peace • Election of lawmakers by tax paying males

25. The Monarch – Traitor to the Revolution • Louis and co. attempted to escape France in June 1791 • Was found and escorted by armed soldiers back to Paris. • Louis is viewed as a traitor to the revolutionary ideals how can we make that conclusion?

26. Emigres and other External Threats, p. 583 • Emigres, often told horror stories of out of control peasants, loss of noble rights etc…Who are emigres? • Prussia and Austria and the Declaration of Pilnitzfollowing the failed escape of the King and his family. • what did this document say? How did revolutionary forces in France take it?

27. Divisions in France • New constitution/government (Sept.1791). Gave power to a LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. (Louis not included) • New political factions bc people wanted more changes. • Radicals- sans-culottes (left) • Moderates (middle) • Conservatives- Emigres (right) What form of Government did the Sans-Culottes call for?

28. -April 1792 L.A. declares war on Austria. Prussia joins in. Why? Fighting was from 1792 and lasted on and off until 1815 Initialheavy losses by French paved way for innovation later. War

30. Beginning of the Radical Phase18.3 • August 10, 1792 – slaughter of kings guards, Louis and family escaped to L.A. • September Massacres – attacked prisons, looking for enemies of the revolution, end up killing 1,200 people. • Most participants were not radicals – just taken advantage of by radicals

31. Sept. Massacres

32. National Convention • L.A. overtaken by radicals, called for election of new body called the National Convention • Suffrage extended to all males what is suffrage? • Real power on streets (1792). Jacobin Club was most powerful/violent. • Marat • Danton

33. National Convention abolishes monarchy. All males have right to vote. Louis tried for treason and convicted by Jacobins. Jan. 21, 1793 Louis beheaded by guillotine. Marie Antoinette was executed in October. End of Louis

36. Louis’ execution angered Europe’s leaders. Aus, Prus, Sp, Port, UK, Neth, all joined forces to undo Revolution Desperate times lead to C.O.P.S. led by 12 men (Jacobin leadership) Committee of Public Safety

37. C.O.P.S. • The Convention creates the Committee on Public Safety (12 member) • C.O.P.S. issued levee en mass {total war effort/tax} • Committee of Safety ruled for almost a year (93-94). Protect from foreign and DOMESTIC threats. Robespierre “the incorruptible” was leader. Problems with this? • Robespierre thought the general will was source of all legitimate law. “Liberty cannot be secured…unless criminals lose their heads”

38. COPS designated France as a Rep. Of Virtue based upon reason/thought. Slavery abolished, price controls attempted, gov’t. agents, etc. tried but failed bc of lack of support by whom? De-Christianization attempted, move toward reason, new calendar, etc. Unsuccessful why? Republic?

40. The Reign of Terror 1793-1794 • The Failure of the Revolution • Violence rules the course • Courts killed over 17,000 people by guillotine. • Anyone who spoke out was tried. • Lyon with 1,800 dead • “Bloodletting only temporary” until “true” French were left

42. Failure of the Revolution • “That republic was, then, willed, planned, intrigued for, even, in the end, fought for, by men whose scale of values ranged into heights or depths at any rate into extremes-most uncomfortable, indeed, quite uninhabitable, for ordinary men. Yet these heroes, or demons, attained power only because moderate men failed to hold it.” Brinton, A Decade of Revolution 1789/1799

43. Total war effort Over 1 million soldiers. All parts of society involved with the army. “People’s Wars” 1794 wars come to an end. Rep. Of Virtue and COPS is questioned. The fear is gone and people start thinking rationally. Robespierre beheaded. End of the Fear

45. New constitution/gov’t. setup Bi-cameral leg elected by “electors”. 5 chosen as executive (Directors) Problems Corruption, money problems, war, etc. Opulence/overindulgence Similar to? People unhappy, Napoleon stages a coup d’etat. The Directory 1795-1799

46. Impact of French Rev. • Increase of Nationalism in France {strong feelings of pride and devotion toward one’s country} • New forms in Government and reform • Spread of Enlightenment ideals