Model of Memory

1. Model of Memory RETRIEVAL Turning now to Long-Term Memory ATTENTION Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Sensory Signals REHEARSAL

2. Some Distinctions in LTM • Endel Tulving: There are two broad categories of information that are represented in LTM - • Episodic Memory: memory of an event in your life • autobiographical • has a temporal context - something about time is encoded along with the memory

3. Some Distinctions in LTM • Endel Tulving: There are two broad categories of information that are represented in LTM - • Semantic Memory: memory of facts, knowledge of the world • unconnected to an autobiographical event • no temporal context

4. Some Distinctions in LTM • Procedural Memory: memory for actions

5. Long-Term Memory • Capacity is huge (unlimited?)

6. Long-Term Memory • Structure of encoding is associative

7. When You Don’t Remember • Two reasons why you don’t remember:

8. When You Don’t Remember • Two reasons why you don’t remember: • Unavailable • It wasn’t successfully encoded - something went wrong while you were studying

9. When You Don’t Remember • Two reasons why you don’t remember: • Unavailable • It wasn’t successfully encoded - something went wrong while you were studying • Inaccessible • memory is stored but cannot be retrieved, perhaps because appropriate connections aren’t being made

10. Implicit vs. Explicit Memory • Implicit Memories are ones that are encoded and present, but are not consciously accessible • Explicit Memories are memories to which you have conscious access

11. Amnesia • Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain

12. Causes of Amnesia • Concussion • Migraines • Hypoglycemia • Epilepsy • Electroconvulsive shock therapy • Specific brain lesions (i.e. surgical removal) • Ischemic events • Drugs (esp. anesthetics) • Infection • Psychological • Nutritional deficiency • Lack of Sleep!

13. Amnesia • Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain • Two broad categories: • Retrograde: loss of memories for events prior to damage

14. Amnesia • Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain • Two broad categories: • Retrograde: loss of memories for events prior to damage • Anterograde: loss of ability to store new memories of events after damage

15. Amnesia Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia

16. Amnesia • Short-term and sensory memory are typically functional

17. Korsakoff’s Syndrome The Lost Mariner - What happened to Jimmie? What was his life like?

18. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency

19. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia

20. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia • Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage

21. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia • Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage • Confabulation - make up stories to explain absence of memory

22. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia • Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage • Confabulation - make up stories to explain absence of memory • Often unaware of their deficit

23. H. M. • Patient H. M. - suffered from extreme epilepsy

24. H. M. • Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus) • William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner - late 1950’s

25. H. M. • Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus) • William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner - late 1950’s • Severe anterograde amnesia

26. H. M. • Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus) • William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner - late 1950’s • Severe anterograde amnesia • Retrograde amnesia for 1 - 3 years before surgery

27. H. M.

28. H. M. • Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent)

29. H. M. • Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent) • Procedural memory was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memory

30. H. M. • Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent) • Procedural memory was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memory • Some implicit awareness of recent events

31. H. M. • Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent) • Procedural memory was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memory • Some implicit awareness of recent events • Normal digit span (short-term memory) !

32. Hypermnesia - S. • “Photographic” extreme memory ability (a mnemonist)

33. Hypermnesia - S. • “Photographic” extreme memory ability (a mnemonist) • Able to recall complex test stimuli

34. Hypermnesia - S. • S. used two “strategies” or abilities typical of mnemonists: • Rich synesthesia-like quality to his perception of stimuli - leads to stronger associative links

35. Hypermnesia - S. • S. used two “strategies” or abilities typical of mnemonists: • Rich synesthesia-like quality to his perception of stimuli - leads to stronger associative links • Vivid and elaborate mental imagery of things he should remember

36. Hypermnesia - S. • “ Even numbers remind me of images. Take the number 1. This is a proud, well-built man; 2 is a high-spirited woman; 3 a gloomy person (shy, I don’t Know); 6 a man with a swollen foot...” Luria, A.R. The mind of a mnemonist. 1968 Luria, A.R. The man with a shattered world. 1972

37. Next Time Recall and false memories - Loftus