Proper Citations

1. Proper Citations • Each time you consult a source and use any material (words, ideas, photographs, drawings, maps, charts, etc.) from that source, you must cite the source. • What is a quotation? It is the identical, same, verbatim, words used by an author, speaker, or activity. A quotation can be one word, several words, entire sentences, or even multiple paragraphs. • If you use a quotation, you mustpunctuate the quotation properly, and you must also cite the source properly. • If you quote anythingfrom any source, you must properly punctuate the quoted material by: • Placing the quoted material within quotation marks (“__”)and cite the source material. Short quotations are less than (<) 3 lines. • Long, block quotes, are shown without quotation marks, but the left and right margins are indented – usually 4 spaces, and the line spacing is single-spaced. Long quotations are more than (>) 3 lines and you must cite the source material. (Turabian specifies two sentences / eight or more lines constitute a long quotation. There are clearly differing standards between the various style manuals.) Proper Citations Handout

2. Proper Citations Source Citations: Endnotes Footnotes Parenthetical Citations (Don’t use these in a DMH paper.) Always check with your instructor on which method to use, or not to use, (Chicago Manual (CM), often called Turabian, (CGSC Student Text 22-2);Council of Science Editors (CSE); Modern Language Association (MLA); or American Psychological Association (APA)). Proper Citations Handout

3. Proper Citations Example of a Quotation: “As Armies grew, the impedimenta surrounding them increased out of all proportion.”1 ____________ 1. Martin Van Creveld, Supplying War, Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1977), 6. Proper Citations Handout

4. Proper Citations • Example of a Parenthetical Citation: Following the period of 1715, armies became larger; they carried and required more equipment and supporting units; so much that they became orders of magnitude larger than earlier armies (Van Creveld, 6). • You must have a separate Works Cited page at the end of your document to provide the rest of the source documentation. Proper Citations Handout

5. Proper Citations Example of a Paraphrase: Following the period of 1715, armies became larger, they carried and required more equipment and supporting units, so much that they became orders of magnitude larger than earlier armies.2 ______________ 2.Van Creveld, 6. (This shows a consecutive reference to the same source.) To properly paraphrase, you rewrite the entire original text into your own words and writing style. Proper Citations Handout

6. Proper Citations Example of a Summarization: After 1715, armies became exponentially larger.3 ________________ 3. Van Creveld, 6. A summary provides only the key idea of the original material. Proper Citations Handout

7. Proper Citations • Endnotes: Superscript Arabic numeral at the end of the quoted, paraphrased, or summarized material. Endnotes require a separate page at the end of the document, or chapter, to provide the full note and bibliographic note information. • Footnotes: Same as an Endnote, but the citation goes at the bottom of the page, no separate note page because all the citation material is handled on the bottom of the individual pages of text. • Parenthetical Citations or In-Text Citations: You place these citations within your text document. Generally, you will use the author’s name and page number, all placed within parenthesis immediately after the material you obtained from the source. At the end of your paper, you must include a Works Cited page and provide complete source material. Follow the particular style manual’s requirements. (Do not use these in DMH papers.) Proper Citations Handout

8. Proper Citations Examples: • Book, One Author • Endnote or Footnote: 1 Ahmed Rashid, Taliban, Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 25. Author’s first name then last name. • Bibliography: Rashid, Ahmed, Taliban, Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000. No parentheses and no page number and also note that the Author’s last name goes first followed by first name. • More than One Citation from a Source: • Rashid, Taliban, 26. (Or the appropriate use of Ibid. or Ibid., 26.) • Follow the appropriate style guidance (Chicago Manual or other) for • Magazine articles, Internet on-line sources, government publications, etc. Proper Citations Handout

9. Proper Citations • Bibliography: Identifies the source materials you have used in researching and writing your paper or thesis. • Properly list any source(s) you used, or consulted in search of material within your paper. • You may have gone to these sources, yet, you may not have used any material from those sources directly within your paper. • A bibliography is not the same as a footnote or a parenthetical citation, nor is it the same as an endnote or “Works Cited” page. Instructors may, or may not, require a bibliography. Proper Citations Handout

10. Proper Citations • Bibliography • Format differs a bit from endnote or footnote formats • Author’s Last name, then first name order • First line of a bibliographic entry goes to the left margin, subsequent lines are indented to the right four-spaces. • Some of the commas in footnotes become periods in bibliographic entries; parentheses are gone. Proper Citations Handout