Biochemistry

1. Biochemistry

2. Essential Question Biochemistry What is it that makes up an atom? 10.8.2007

3. Biochemistry Matter • Properties • physical property • description of shape, mass, volume • melting point, boiling point • chemical property • structure of molecules which make up substance • how substance reacts with another

4. Biochemistry Matter • Elements • element • a substance that can not be broken down into a simpler substance • 25 elements are essential to life • CHNOPS – 6 greatest

5. Biochemistry Matter • atom • smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element

6. Biochemistry Atoms • atom structure • nucleus • center, contains neutrons & protons • neutrons mass (1.009u) • carries no charge, neutral = n0 • protons (1.007u) • carries a positive charge = p+

7. Biochemistry Atoms • atom structure • electron (5.486 x 10-4u) • electrons carry a negative charge = e-

8. Biochemistry Atoms • atom structure • electron • electrons orbit nucleus in separate energy levels or clouds

9. Biochemistry Atoms

10. Biochemistry Atoms • periodic table • atomic number • number of protons • atomic mass • total mass of protons, neutrons, & electrons • atomic symbol • 1or 2 letter symbol for element symbol

11. Essential Question Biochemistry How are covalent and ionic bonds different? What is an example of each? 10.9.2007

12. Biochemistry chemical bonds • chemical bond • two or more atoms chemically bonded together ex: oxygen gas, water, glucose • molecular formula • uses atomic symbols to represent atoms bound together in a compound ex: O2, H2O, C6H12O6

13. Biochemistry chemical bonds • covalent bond • atoms share electrons ex: water, sugars, proteins • ionic bond • attractive force between ions of opposite charge

14. Biochemistry chemical bonds covalent bond ionic bond

15. Essential Question Biochemistry What ions are released by an acid in water? By a base? 10.10.2007

16. Biochemistry Mixtures and solutions • mixture • combination of substances in which individuals retain individual properties ex: mixed sugar and sand, oil and water • solution • mixture of one or more solutes are evenly distributed in a solvent ex: salt in water

17. Biochemistry Mixtures and solutions • solution • solute • substance which dissolves ex: sugar • solvent • holds dissolved substance ex: water • the greater the solute = greater the concentration

18. Biochemistry Acids and bases • pH • measure of how acidic or basic a solution is • acid • forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water • pH below 7 • base • forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water • pH above 7

19. Biochemistry Acids and bases

20. Biochemistry Water • polar molecule • molecule with uneven distribution of charge • water is polar, O atom pulls e-’s from H atoms

21. Biochemistry Water • hydrogen bond • weak attraction between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in different molecules

22. Biochemistry Water • properties of water • water resists temperature change • water expands when it freezes • cohesion • water molecules attracted to each other • adhesion • water molecules attracted to sides of container

23. Biochemistry Water • properties of water • water resists temperature change

24. Biochemistry Water • properties of water • water expands when it freezes

25. Biochemistry Water • cohesion • Water molecules attracted to each other

26. Biochemistry Water • adhesion • Water molecules attracted to sides of container

27. Biochemistry More compounds • isomer • compounds with same number elements but different structure

28. Biochemistry More compounds • monomer • Small molecule that can be bound to other monomers to form polymers • polymer • larger molecule formed from smaller subunits

29. Biochemistry More compounds • monomer • Small molecule that can be bound to other monomers to form polymers • polymer • larger molecule formed from smaller subunits

30. Biochemistry More compounds • polymer • larger molecule formed from smaller subunits

31. Biochemistry More compounds • polymer

32. Biochemistry Macromolecules • carbohydrates • used by cells to store and release energy • 1:2:1 C:H:O ex: glucose C6H12O6

33. Biochemistry Macromolecules • carbohydrates • monomer → polymer

34. Biochemistry Macromolecules • carbohydrates • monomer → polymer monomerpolymer

35. Biochemistry Macromolecules • carbohydrates • monosaccharides

36. Biochemistry Macromolecules • carbohydrates • disaccharides

37. Biochemistry Macromolecules • carbohydrates • polysaccharides verbascose

38. Essential Question Biochemistry What are the components of a lipid and of a protein? 10.17.2007

39. Biochemistry Macromolecules • lipids • used for energy storage, insulation, protection ex fats, waxes and oils • nonpolar, does not dissolve in water • contains CHO

40. Biochemistry Macromolecules • lipids • glycerol head • 3 fatty acid tails

41. Biochemistry Macromolecules • lipids • glycerol head • 3 fatty acid tails

42. Biochemistry Macromolecules • lipids • large proportion of C–H bonds • saturated fats • C atoms in tail all have single (C–C) bonds • unsaturated fats • C at least 1 double bond (C=C) in tail

43. Biochemistry Macromolecules • lipids

44. Biochemistry Macromolecules • Proteins • used for growth, maintenance, and repair • used as structure for tissues and organs • contain CHON

45. Biochemistry Macromolecules • proteins • polymer of amino acids • formed using peptide bonds (covalent bond)

46. Biochemistry Macromolecules • proteins • amino acids (monomer)

47. Biochemistry Macromolecules • proteins • peptide bonds • bond between amino acids

48. Biochemistry Macromolecules • proteins

49. Biochemistry Macromolecules • proteins

50. Biochemistry Macromolecules • proteins • enzyme • increase rate of metabolic reactions • induced fit (lock and key) mechanism