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Biochemistry

Biochemistry. SOL BIO 3 b,c. Organic Compounds. 2. Most are macromolecules called polymers 3. Polymerization - the process of organic polymers being built with monomers (single molecular building blocks ) - Occurs by dehydration synthesis

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Biochemistry

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  1. Biochemistry SOL BIO 3 b,c

  2. Organic Compounds 2. Mostare macromoleculescalled polymers 3. Polymerization - the process of organic polymers being built with monomers (single molecular building blocks ) - Occurs by dehydration synthesis the removal of a H+ ion and OH- ion, forming a chemical bond between monomers. • Moleculescontaining the atom carbon ( C ) Ex: C6H12O6 glucose

  3. I. Organic POLYMERS A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

  4. A. Carbohydrates (C,H,O) Built with monomers like: 1. monosaccharides (1 sugar) - glucose (simple sugar) - galactose (milk sugar) - fructose (honey) 2. disaccharides (2 sugars bonded together) - sucrose = glucose + fructose (table sugar)

  5. glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose glucose glucose glucose 3. Polysaccharides … examples - many sugar units chemically bonded together 1. starch (synthesized in plants: bread, potatoes) - for energy 2. glycogen ( synthesized in animals: in animal muscles) – for structure & energy 3. cellulose - plant wall structure 4. chitin – component of exoskeletons …structure

  6. CARBS: Functions – why do living cells need them? GO Pack! A. Carbs provide quick energy (remember: breaking chemical bonds release energy) Ex: starch B. Carbs make up cell structures Ex: Plant cell walls are cellulose = “fiber” Ex: External skeletons are chitin C. Carbs can store energy for cells to use later Ex: glycogen

  7. B. Lipids (C,H,O) - Built with the monomers . . . one glycerolmolecule bonded to three fatty acidmolecules

  8. O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = H H-C----O H-C----O H-C----O H O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH 3 fatty acids = =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 1 glycerol Lipid … a triglyceride - the smallest lipid molecule • 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids molecules bonded together

  9. Examples of lipid molecules 1. Fats - in foods, both saturated and unsaturated 2. Phospholipids – cell membrane structure 3. Oils – lubricants, cooking, fuel 4. Waxes – protective coatings 5. Steroids / hormones – regulate cell activities 6. Polyglycerides – in make-up, body lotions

  10. O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = saturated O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH = unsaturated =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 • FATS 1. Saturated fats … no double bonds in fatty acid chain (bad) 2.Unsaturated fats… double bonds in fatty acid chain(good) - liquid at room temperature

  11. Functions of Lipids a. Long term energy storage (fats) b. Protection against heat loss(lipid storage in specialized cells) c. Protection against water loss & germs(skin oils) d. Chemical messengers (hormones & steroids) e. Major structural component of cell membranes (phospholipids)

  12. C. Proteins (C H O N S) Amino Acids–the monomer “building blocks” - 20 total 1) 9 essential amino acids • Essential amino acids need to be obtained through our diet 2) 11 non-essential amino acids - amino acids that can be synthesized by our body

  13. PROTEINs: FUNCTIONS a. Energy albumin (egg white), meat b. Transport hemoglobin: bonds with 02 c. Regulatoryhormones, steroids d. Movementmajor component of muscle cells e. Structuralcell membranes, hair, nails f. Control Enzymes turn on and turn off all cellular biochemical reactions g. DefenseAntibodies to fight foreign “invaders” to living tissues

  14. C. Proteins The synthesis (making) of a protein - goes through 3 foldings a. Primary (1°) structure b. Secondary (2°) structure c. Tertiary (3°) structure d. Quaternary (4°) structure

  15. Amino Acids (aa) aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 Peptide Bonds – specific name for chemical bonds between amino acids Primary Form (1°) • Amino acids bond together in long, linear chains by dehydration synthesis reactions. • Process called protein synthesis • Process starts at nucleus & finishes at ribosomes

  16. Secondary Form (2°) • The first 3-dimensional folding of a primary structure into • coils (alpha helix) and • pleats (beta pleats) hydrogen bondshold the secondary form together so they don’t uncoil

  17. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds Secondary Form (2°) The 2 types

  18. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheets

  19. Tertiary Form (3°) • secondary protein forms may now bend and fold: attaching to themselves and/or others, forms a Tertiary Form • “Side chain” bonding (disulfide bonds) • This makesthem more compact. WHY is this of benefit to a cell?

  20. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet C. Tertiary Form (3°)

  21. 3° subunits Quaternary Form (4°) • 2 or moretertiary units may then join together = A globular PROTEIN molecule! could be a digestiveenzymes, steroids, hemoglobin, hair, nails,

  22. Subunits

  23. Enzymes: Special Proteins

  24. D. Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P A. Two types: 1. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid (double helix) 2. RNA ribonucleic acid (single strand) B. STRUCTURE – the monomers are nucleotides

  25. 1. Nucleic acids … Functions a. Control our hereditary messages b. Control the overall function of a cell c. Control the making of all cell proteins d. Control cell reproduction e. Control the metabolic rate of a cell

  26. 2. A Nucleotide – structure - a phosphate group + - a sugar molecule (5-carbon ring) + - one of the nitrogenous bases … Purines: (double rings) adenine (A) guanine (G) Pyrimidines: (single rings) thymine (T) cytosine (C) and (uracil (U) replaces thymine (T) in RNA)

  27. Phosphate Group O O=P-O O 5 CH2 O N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) C1 C4 Sugar (deoxyribose) C3 C2 a single nucleotide

  28. 5 O 3 3 O P P 5 5 C O G 1 3 2 4 4 1 2 3 5 O P P T A 3 5 O O 5 P P 3 DNA – the double helix form

  29. Q: What keeps us alive?A: the sum total of biochemical reactions in every cell termed … A: Metabolism “We’re just one big ‘ole chemical factory on legs!”

  30. II. Cell Metabolismthe sum total of all the chemical reactions in a cellular organism • Anabolic reactions building UP (requires energy)Ex: many sugar molecules a carbohydrate • Catabolic reactions • breaking DOWN (energy released) • Ex: a carbohydrate molecule ????

  31. Metabolism: influencing factors • 1. TEMPERATURE • - low temperatures, • reaction rates decrease • - high temperatures, • speed up reactions • and • can alter protein structures

  32. The pH of an cell’s environment - extremes of pH can irreversibly change the functioning of enzymes … stop ‘em cold  - most cells function best within a narrow range of temperature and pH.

  33. Review Basic Cell Biochemistry • A. The atoms • that make up the molecules in a cell • 1. carbon C • 2. hydrogen H • 3. nitrogen N • 4. oxygen O • AND some phosphorus P and sulfur S

  34. Basic Cell Biochemistry Facts • B. The mix of molecules • Inside every cell is a concentrated mixture of thousands of different macromolecules forming a variety of specialized structures that carry out cell functions

  35. Basic Cell LifeC. Necessary metabolic functions 1. Energy production 2. Transportation of molecules - within the cell - in and out of the cell 3. Waste disposal 4. Protein Synthesis 5. Safe storage of genetic material 6. Reproduction 7. Defensive protection

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