Vietnamese History

1. Vietnamese History • Late 1800’s-WWII, _______ rules most of Indochina • 1940 Japanese take control of Vietnam • ________________- leader of Vietnamese independence movement helps create Indo Chinese Communist Party • Formed ___________– organization that aims to rid Vietnam of foreign rule • September 1945, HoChiMinh declares Vietnam an ________________ nation

2. French troops move back into Vietnam • Regain cities in south • Asks for US help (US didn’t want French nor Communist control) • 1950, US begins economic aid to _________ to stop Communism • ________________countries can fall to communism like a row of dominoes • 1954, Vietminh overrun French at Dien Bien Phu, France _______________ • Geneva accords divide Vietnam at _______parallel (Communists get North) • Election to unify country called for in 1956

3. The US steps in • Ho Chi Minh is brutal, but popular (due to land distribution) • South Vietnam’s anti-Communist president Ngo Dinh Diem refuses _____________ • Diem corrupt, restricts ______________ creates strategic hamlet program to fight Vietcong • _________ (communist opposition group created in South) kills officials • Ho Chi Minh sends arms to Vietcong along __________________________

4. Kennedy and Vietnam (2 slides) • JFK backs Diem financially; sends military advisors • Diem’s popularity plummets from __________ • Diem presses attacks on Buddhism; _________ burn themselves in protest • US supported military coup topples government; Diem ________________ • Succession of ___________ leaders rule South Vietnam; country unstable • LBJ takes over; thinks US can lose international prestige if communists win

5. Tonkin Gulf Resolution ( 2 slides) • Alleged torpedo boats fired on two US destroyers in Gulf of Tonkin; LBJ asks for power to repel enemy • 1964 ____________________gives him broad military powers • 1965 eight _____________ killed, LBJ orders sustained bombing of North • US combat troops sent to South Vietnam to battle ________________ • Majority of public ______________sending troops

6. Johnson increases US involvement • General William ________________ made US commander in South Vietnam • Thinks southern Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) ______________ • Requests increasing numbers; by 1967 _____________ US troops • Vietcong use hit-and-run, __________tactics, move among civilians • ________________ help withstand airstrikes, launch attacks, connect villages • Terrain laced with booby traps, land mines laid by both sides.

7. Fighting in the Jungle • Westmoreland tries to destroy Vietcong morale through _____________, the gradual wearing down of the enemy by continuous harassment • Vietcong receive supplies from ___________________; remain defiant • US sees war as military struggle; Vietcong as battle for _____________

8. Battle for “Hearts and Minds” • US wants to stop Vietcong from winning support of __________________ population • Weapons for exposing tunnels often wound ____________, destroy villages • __________; gasoline-based bomb that sets fire to jungle • _______________; leaf killing, toxic chemical • Search –and-destroy missions move civilian suspects, destroy property • Villagers go to cities, _________ camps; 1967 over 3 million refugees

9. Sinking Morale • Guerrilla warfare, jungle conditions, lack of progress lower morale • Many soldiers turn to alcohol, _________, some kill superior officers • Government corruption, instability lead South Vietnam to _________________ • Most US soldiers believe in justice of halting ________________Fight courageously, take patriotic pride in fulfilling their duty

10. The Great Society Suffers • War grows more costly with more troops; _______________ rate rising • LBJ gets _____________ to pay for war, check inflation • Has to accept ________________ funding cut for Great Society • Combat footage on nightly _______________ shows stark picture of war • Critics say __________________ between administration reports and events • Senator J. William Fulbright’s hearings add to doubts about war

11. The Working Class goes to War • A “Manipulatable” Draft • Selective Service System, draft, calls men ___________________ to military service • Thousands look for ways to avoid the draft • Many- mostly white, affluent- get college ______________ • _________ of US soldiers come from lower economic levels

12. African Americans in Vietnam • African Americans serve in disproportionate numbers in ground combat • Defense Department corrects problem by instituting _________________ in 1969 • Racial tensions high in many ______________; add to low troop morale • 10,000 women serve, mostly as _____________Thousands volunteer; American Red Cross, United Services Organization

13. The New Left • _____________- youth movement of 1960’s, demand sweeping changes • Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Free Speech Movement (FSM) • Criticize big business, government; want greater individual freedom • New Left ideas spread across ______________ • Students protest campus issues, ___________

14. The movement grows (2 slides) • In 1965, protest marches, rallies draw tens of ___________ • 1966 students deferments require good _____________________ • SDS calls for civil __________________; counsels students to go abroad • Small numbers of returning _____________ protest; protest songs popular • Anti-war demonstrations, protests increase, some become_______________ • Some men burn _______________, some refuse to serve, some flee to _________________

15. War divides the Nation • __________ strongly oppose war, believe US should withdraw • ____________ favor sending greater forces to win the war • 1967 majority of Americans ____________ war, consider ___________ disloyal • LBJ continues slow _____________, is criticized by both hawks and doves • Combat __________ leads Defense Secretary McNamara to ______________

16. Tet Offensive Turns the War • 1968 villagers go to cities to celebrate _______( Vietnamese new year) • Vietcong among crowd attack over _______ towns, _____ US air bases • Tet offensive lasts one ___________ before US, South Vietnam regain control • Westmoreland declares attacks are military __________ for Vietcong

17. Tet Changes Public Opinion • Before Tet, most Americans ____________, after Tet hawks, _________ both 40% • Mainstream media openly _____________ war • LBJ appoints Clark Clifford as new Secretary of Defense • After studying situation, Clifford concludes war is _____________LBJ’s popularity drops _____________ disapprove his handling of the war

18. Johnson Withdraws (2 slides) • Senator Eugene McCarthy runs for ____________nomination as dove • Senator Robert _______________ enters race after LBJ’s poor showing in New Hampshire • LBJ announces will seek _______________, will not run for reelection • Riots rock over 100 cities after _____________ is killed • Kennedy wins California primary; is fatally shot for supporting _______________ • Major demonstrations on over 100 ________________

19. Turmoil in Chicago • Vice-President Hubert Humphrey wins Democratic nomination • Over 10,000 demonstrators go to ___________ • Mayor Richard J. ___________ mobilizes police, National Guard • Protesters try to march to __________, police beat them; rioting • Delegates to convention bitterly debate antiwar plank

20. Nixon Triumphs • Nixon works for party for years, wins 1968 Republican nomination • Campaign promises; restore law and order, end war in ____________ • Governor George Wallace is third party candidate • Champions _______________, states rights; attracts protest weary _____________ • Nixon wins presidency

21. The Pullout Begins • New president Richard Nixon finds negotiations not progressing • National Security Adviser Henry _____________- works on new plan • ____________________- US troops withdraw, South Vietnam troops take over • Nixon calls for _________________ to maintain US dignity • Orders bombing of North Vietnam, Vietcong hideouts in ____________________

22. My Lai Massacre (2 slides) • __________________- moderate, mainstream people who support war • News breaks that US platoon massacred _________________ in My Lai village • Lt. William Calley Jr. in command is convicted ___________________ • 1970, US troops invade _____________ to clear out enemy supply centers • 1.5 million protesting college students close down 1,200 campuses

23. Violence on Campus • National Guard kills 4 in confrontation at ___________________ • Guardsmen kill 2 during confrontation at Jackson State in Mississippi • 100,000 construction workers rally in NYC to support __________________ • Nixon invades ______________; Congress repeals Tonkin Gulf resolution • ______________ show plans to enter war under LBJ • Confirm belief of many that government not honest about intentions

24. “Peace is at Hand” • 1971_________think US should withdraw from Vietnam by end of year • 1972 N Vietnamese attack; US bombs cities, mines Haiphong harbor • _______________ agrees to complete withdrawal of US: “Peace is at Hand” • ____________ Vietnam rejects Kissinger plan; talks break off; bombing resumes • Congress calls for end to war; peace signed January 1973 • Cease-fire breaks down; South surrenders after North invades 1975

25. American soldiers return • ________________ Americans, over 2 million North, South Vietnamese die in war • Returning veterans face indifference, ___________ at home • About 15% develop ____________________ • Communists put 400,000 S. Vietnamese in _______________________; 1.5 million flee • Civil war breaks out in Cambodia; Khmer Rouge seize power • Want to establish peasant society; kill at least 1 million people

26. Legacy of Vietnam • Government abolishes military ____________ • 1973 Congress passes ________________ • President must inform Congress within ___________of deploying troops • _____________ maximum deployment without Congressional approval • War contributes to cynicism about government, political leaders