Why is it important? How did we learn about it? How did it develop? What does it do?

1. The Brain aka Mr. England Why is it important? How did we learn about it? How did it develop? What does it do? How do we fix it? How do we diagnosis problems?

2. The Brain Why is it important? If you don’t have it you don’t know it. If you do,you wonder why you don’t have more.

3. How did we learn about it? Genetic Defects Disease Stroke Injury Surgery Experimentation

4. Facts • 3 pounds 2500 square centimeters • 30 thousand neurons in one pen head • Most cells are Neuroglia or Glial in the CNS • include astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. • two kinds in PNS neuroglia—satellite cells and Schwann cells(neurolemmocytes) • White matter is fatty myelinated cells • Grey Matter are cell bodies • 25% of all blood goes to the brain

5. How did it develop? • Development during embryo stage • Forebrain • Telencephalon/Diencephalon • Midbrain • Mesencephalon • Hindbrain • Metencephalon/Mylencephalon

6. How did it develop”2” Cerebellum Hindbrain Medulla Pons CP/CQ Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebrum Metecephalon Brainstem Mesencephalon Midbrain Diencephalon Forebrain Telencephalon

7. OTHER NAMES FOR THE DIVISIONS • Brain stem “reptilian brain” controls internal organs heart breathing • Limbic “paleomammalian brain” controls basic drives hunger thirst sex, emotions and feelings • Cerebrum “neomammalian brain” rational thought creativity decision making

8. How Does it work • Nervous system PNS and CNS • PNS- Nerves outside the Brain and Spinal cord • Autonomic • Parasympathetic • Sympathetic • Somatic • Efferent Motor • Afferent Sensory • CNS - Spinal Cord and Brain

10. 1. They have extreme longevity. Given good nutrition, neurons can function optimally for a lifetime (over 100 years). 2. They are amitotic. As neurons assume their roles as communicating links of the nervous system, they lose their ability to divide. We pay a high price for this neuron feature because they cannot be replaced if destroyed. There are exceptions to this rule. For example, olfactory epithelium and some hippocampal regions contain stem cells that can produce new neurons throughout life. (The hippocampus is a brain region involved in memory.) 3. They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate and require continuous and abundant supplies of oxygen and glucose. Neurons cannot survive for more than a few minutes without oxygen. Neurons are typically large, complex cells. Although they vary in structure, they all have a cell body from which one or more slender processes project (Figure 11.4). The plasma membrane of neurons is the site of electrical signaling, and it plays a crucial role in cell-to-cell interactions that occur during development.

11. Types of Neurons

12. HOW CNS RECIEVES INFORMATION • Receives impulses from the PNS or cranial nerves every area has its own nerve • Impulses transmitted through electrical impulses along nerve fibers dendrites to cell body to axon to axon end plates across synapse to dendrites of next neuron. • Called action potential+(K) outside - inside 70MV DIFFERENCE • All or none principal

14. HOW CNS RECIEVES INFORMATION • NUERO TRANSMITTERS STIMULATE NEXT NUERON • 50 KNOWN NUERO TRANSMITTERS • SOME INHIBITORY SOME EXCITATORY • Epinephrine - Acetycholine • Melatonin –Dopamine-Serotonin

15. Brain Circuitry • Reticular Activating system • Core tissue of the brainstem and thalamus • Discriminates between important and unimportant ideas • Limbic system • Function is to integrate and direct human drives and emotions

16. How does it communicate? Opposite side control:Right side controls the left side of the body Right and left sides have different functions Left controls language and the right hand and analysis Right controls spatial orientation and musical ability intuition creativity and the unconscious generation of ideas Both work together to solve complex problems

17. Divisions Cerebrum- 80% of brain mass divided up into lobes Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital Insula

18. Divisions 2 Cerebellum-Balance coordination Thalamus- Sorts information Hypothalamus- Thermostat/body’s functions Midbrain Pons- regulates facial sensations and movement Medulla Oblongata- heartbeat/ breathing/ digestion

19. OTHER INFORMATION Cranial Nerves Vascular system Cerebral spinal fluid(CSF) Meninges Hippocampus(Sea Horse) short memory to long part of the limbic system Amygdala- Pay attention works with Hippocampus What happens if you don’?

20. OTHER INFORMATION Limbic system - Fight or Flight syndrome Adrenaline Insulin Glucose goes from brain to Muscles Blood pressure increases Digestion stops

21. Disorders Classified I. Neurological Stroke/MS/lupus//Migraine II. Neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s/Huntington/Parkinson's-Lack Dopamine III. Behavioral/Emotional Depression Prosaic - Seritonin /Schizophrenia-Too Much Dopamine/Drug addiction IV. Developmental Autism/Cerebal- Palsy/Spina Bifida/ Mental Retardation

22. Diseases Multiple Sclerosis (MS)- Inflammation of CNS Myelin AID could be viral Scandinavian /Northern states (4x) Migraine-Blood vessel constriction/nausea/vision Parkinson’s -Dopamine Thalamus Lupus-”Wolf” AID confused with MS causes arthritis/swelling of Hands CNS disorders Stroke- Amyloid Plaques-Common in Alzheimer's controlled by taking estrogen

23. Nutrition Fatty foods- Needed for the brain to operate correctly need Linoleic (N-6) and (N-3) Too much,fatty foods, will cause problems such as stroke/Depression Use oils canola/soy/walnut/fish/vegetables/seaweed

24. The chief monitor and regulator of all the body’s movements is the ? The brain stem or reptilian brain controls respiration T-F Damage to the Medulla Oblongata usually results in? Meylinated axons make up the part of the brain called? The Three membranes covering the brain are called? Broccas area controls? Human growth is controlled in the ? This lobe responds to sound? Visual? Movement? Touch?