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News & Numbers

News & Numbers. 2009. Why should journalists know numbers & math?. Explain what numbers mean to readers Make complicated numbers understandable Create impact in stories Give context to a situation Check credibility of government, industry, etc. Do the numbers back up what they’re saying?

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News & Numbers

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  1. News & Numbers 2009

  2. Why should journalists know numbers & math? • Explain what numbers mean to readers • Make complicated numbers understandable • Create impact in stories • Give context to a situation • Check credibility of government, industry, etc. • Do the numbers back up what they’re saying? • What are the numbers hiding?

  3. Editing with numbers • Balance! • Too few numbers unclear • Too many numbers confusing • Context! • Be careful when comparing raw numbers • Accuracy! • Know how to apply & check formulas

  4. Finding numbers & statistics • www.fedstats.gov • www.census.gov • http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu • “Interview” the Web site • Look at domain names: .gov, .edu, .org • Check for professional layout, spelling, grammar, etc. • Check site information AP conducts several surveys and polls: http://surveys.ap.org/ The National Council on Public Polls suggests journalists consider several questions before accepting poll or survey data: http://www.ncpp.org/?q=node/4 Cornell University provides great analysis tips for polls: http://www.library.cornell.edu/olinuris/ref/pollres.html

  5. Using data in articles • In articles, poll/survey data is typically presented in percentages. According the AP Style handbook, percent is always written as one word. One should “use figures for percent and percentages: 1 percent, 2.5 percent (use decimals, not fractions), 10 percent, 4 percentage points. For a range, 12 to 15 percent or between 12 and 15 percent. For amounts less than 1 percent, precede the decimal with a zero: The cost of living rose 0.6 percent.”

  6. Key Formulas • Percent of total • Amount/total * 100 • In 2007, CU had a budget revenue of $904 million, of which $396 million came from student tuition and fees. What percentage of the budget revenue comes from tuition & fees? • 396/904 * 100 = 43.8 percent

  7. Key formulas • Percent change • Difference / Original * 100 • Undergraduate resident tuition in the J-school was $5,628 for the 2007-08 academic year and $4,734 for the 2006-2007 academic year. What is the percentage change? • Difference(5628-4734)/Original(4734) * 100% = 18.9 % increase!

  8. Percent vs. percentage point • When comparing raw numbers, use percent change • BUT, when comparing two different percent values (e.g. polls) talk about percentage point change • Going from 50 percent to 60 percent is a 10 percentage point increase.

  9. Key formulas • Per capita • Number of occurrences/Total population • In 2005 Boulder had 551 burglaries and L.A. had 21,543 burglaries. Does this mean you’re less likely to get burglarized in Boulder? Not quite… • Boulder’s 2005 population: 102,659 • L.A.’s 2005 population: 3,731,437 • What’s the per capita burglary rate? • Boulder = 551/102,659 = 0.005 • L.A. = 21,543/3,731,437 = 0.006

  10. Key formulas • Per capita, cont. • Boulder and L.A. have similar per capita burglary rates. But would you report that value in a story? • Multiply per capita amount by a factor that makes more sense • 0.005 * 1000 = 5 • Boulder has about 5 burglaries per 1000 people

  11. Key formulas • Estimating crowd size • Adds context and descriptive power when talking about an event • Square footage of venue/density of crowd • Rules of thumb: • Densely packed crowd: 2.5 square feet per person • Moderately dense crowd: 5 square feet per person • Loosely packed crowd: 10 square feet per person • Pay attention to units and conversion factors!

  12. Mean, Median and Mode • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uydzT_WiRz4 • Mean/Average: Add all the numbers in the data set together and divide by the number of numbers in the data set. Confused? See below • Data set: 5, 2, 5, 6, 7 • Total: 5+2+5+6+7=25 • Mean/Average: 25/5=5  • Median: Arrange data set in numerical order and cross-out lowest number and highest number until only one number remains. This number is the median. If the data set has an even amount of numbers, add the two remaining numbers and divide by two. This number will be the median. • Data set: 5, 2, 5, 6, 7 • Re-arranged data set: 2, 5, 5, 6, 7 • Crossing out: 2, 5, 5, 6, 7 • Median: 5 • Mode: The number that appears most often in a data set. If no number repeats, there is no mode. There can be multiple modes. • Data set: 5, 2, 5, 6, 7 • Number that appears most: 5

  13. Statistics AVERAGE??? Be careful with this word! • Mean=statistical average • Sum of all values/number of values • CEO makes $100,000/year, manager makes $50,000/year, administrative assistant makes $25,000/year, factory worker makes $15,000/year, intern makes $10,000/year. What is the average salary? • (100,000 + 50,000 + 25,000 + 15,000 + 10,000)/5 • $40,000

  14. Statistics • Median • The value in the middle • $100,000; $50,000; $25,000; $15,000; $10,000 • Median = $25,000 • Often a better reflection of the range of values • Cautions: • Mean can be skewed by what’s happening at the outer boundaries, but median might not reflect changes happening in the high or low range

  15. Polls and Surveys • Poll—estimate of public opinion on a single topic • Which candidate will win the election? • Survey—multiple questions asked to get data about a sample of the population • American Community Survey (U.S. Census)

  16. Poll/Survey Sources • www.pollingreport.com (multiple sources) • www.gallup.com (Gallup polls) • www.ciruli.com (polls and analysis from a Colorado company) • http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu • Browse research & subject guide for P-Polls or Public Opinion Information

  17. 5 W’s of describing polls • WHO is behind the poll • WHAT is being polled (slight changes in wording can affect response) • WHEN was the poll taken • WHERE did the sample come from (nationwide vs. Colorado) • HOW was the poll conducted (random vs. targeted, phone vs. Internet)

  18. Polls • Margin of Error • Maximum distance from the expressed value that the true result should be • Expressed as +/- % • 47 percent polled said they’d vote for Clinton, with a margin of error of + 4% • The actual result should be from 43-51 % • Sample size affects Margin of Error • 400 people, margin of error ~ 5 % • 1000 people, margin of error ~ 3 %

  19. Polls • Confidence level • The likelihood the actual result will fall within the margin of error • Set by pollsters ahead of time, usually 95 % • The other 5 percent of time, the result could be way outside the margin of error • A lower confidence level gives a smaller margin of error, but means greater likelihood the actual result could be way off.

  20. Polls • Always include margin of error when writing poll results in a story! • Political polls—often very close, margin of error can cancel out any apparent lead

  21. Example 1 • Q: Last year's city budget was $7,000,012. This year, you're told, the budget will be cut by 5 percent. What will this year's budget be? • A: $7,000,012 * 0.05 = $350,000.60 $7,000,012 - $350,000.60 = $6,650,011.4

  22. Example 2 • Q: Britney Spears salary was cut from $12.6 million to $6.5 million. Gasp!What was the percent change? • A: 12.6 million – 6.5 million = -6.1 mil. (- 6.1million/12.6 million )* 100 = - 48.4 % The Brit’s salary decreased by 48 percent.

  23. Example 3 • Q: In a loose crowd, each person takes up about 10 square feet. What is the best estimate of how many people gathered to see a chicken wings eating contest that loosely fills a city park measuring 300 yards by 600 yards? • A: Area of plaza—first convert yards to ft, 1 yard = 3 feet so... • 300 * 3 and 600 * 3 = 900 ft by 1800 ft • 900* 1800 = 1,620,000 square feet • 1,620,000 sq. ft / 10 sq. ft/person = 162,000 people

  24. Example 4 • Q: Your city of 200,000 had a total of 68 murders last year. What was the murder rate per 100,000? • A: Per capita rate = 68/200,000=.00034 0.00034 * 100,000 = 34

  25. Example 5 • Q: Students at a CU football game drink about 300,000 gallons of lemonade. You want to make that volume relevant to your readers by saying how many backyard swimming pools (which hold about 12,000 gallons) it would take to hold that much lemonade. About how many swimming pools would the lemonade fill? • A: 300,000 gallons / 12,000 gallons ~ 25 swimming pools

  26. Example 6 • Q: Last year coffee shops on the Hill has had two armed robberies. This year: none. How would you describe the change? • A: 0 – 2 = -2 -2 / 2 * 100% = -100 % A 100 % decrease in murders

  27. Example 7 • Q: The interns at five different magazines in Boulder are paid $3, $100, $560, $800 and $1,000 a semester. What is their average salary? • A: (3+100+560+800+1,000)/5 = $492.6 • What’s the median salary? = $560

  28. Questions?? http://www.ire.org/education/math_test.html Link to these questions and a few more to practice http://www.robertniles.com/stats/ Helpful site with good def. http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/09/27/polls.explainer/ This site explains margin of error and what it means in terms of political candidate polls. It also explains the basics of how polling is done in America

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