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ENGLISH DIALECTS

ENGLISH DIALECTS. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. DIALECT. A language variety where users regional / s ocial background appears in their use of vocabulary & grammar. . ACCENT. T he features of pronunciation (the speech sounds ) that show regional / social identity

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ENGLISH DIALECTS

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  1. ENGLISH DIALECTS HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

  2. DIALECT A language variety where users regional / socialbackground appears in theiruse of vocabulary &grammar.

  3. ACCENT The features of pronunciation (the speech sounds) that show regional/social identity (and arguably that of an individual, since one could have a personal and idiosyncratic accent).

  4. The timeline of the variouslanguage contacts in the English-speaking world.

  5. TheGermanicConquest of Britain

  6. The Old English Period • Traces of Saxon pirates in the fourth century A.D.: A city wall was builtalong the river Thames in London after A.D. 360 • A.D. 477 and A.D. 495 – The Saxons & Frisians (Germany) >>Wessex, Essex, and Sussex. • A.D. 547 -the Jutes >> Kent; the Angles >> north: +East Anglia (south-east England) + Mercia (central England) + Northumbria(northern England). • Conversion to Christianity in A.D. 597

  7. Anglo-SaxonBritain

  8. Anglo-SaxonBritain - Heptrachy • Northumbria - the Angles • Mercia - the Angles • East Anglia - the Angles • Essex - theSaxons • Sussex - theSaxons • Wessex - theSaxons • Kent - theJutes

  9. Anglo-SaxonPlace-NameElements • Anglo-Saxonplace-names: -bury, -ford, -ton, -ham, -worth, -field, -ing, -ley • Bourne: Stream •  Burn: Stream •  Burg: Largevillage •  Bury: Fortified place •  Croft: Smallenclosure •  Ford: Shallow rivercrossing •  Ham: Village •  Ing: People •  Lake: Lake •  Ley; Lea: Clearing •  Mere/Mer/Mar: Pool •  Moor: Moor •  Moss: Swamp •  Ney: Island •  Riding; Rod: Cleared land •  Stead: place •  Stoc: Summerpasture •  Stoke: 'Daughter' settlement •  Stow: Holy Place •  Ton; Tun: House; Farm •  Weald; Wold; High Woodland •  Wic; Wike: Farm; Group of huts •  Wood: Wood •  Worth: Fenced land

  10. Old EnglishDialects

  11. Old EnglishDialects Dialect differences - 4 dialects: WestSaxon Mercian Kentish Northumbrian

  12. Old EnglishDialects • West Saxon developed a literary standard • it is NOTthe ancestor of ModernEnglish West Saxon : Anglian • ea o cealdcald > ModE ‘cold’ • ie e hieranheran > ModE ‘hear’

  13. Dialectstoday: Old Englishshort y • cynn > kinn ‘kin’ = Northern / East Midlands • kunn = West Saxon • kenn = Kent / Southern • OE myrige > merry (Southern) • OE lyft > left (Southern) • OE byrgan > bury (West Saxon) /beri/ (Southern) • OE bysig > busy (West Saxon) /bɪzi/ (Northern) • Kentishken < kin, zen < sin

  14. Soundchanges: I-mutation(Umlaut) • Front / i-mutation / i-umlaut: back vowel + /ɪ/, /i:/, or /j/ in the following syllable: • u: > y: > i: • o: > e: Gothic OE ModE • *mǔsiz> mȳs(Umlaut) mice /maɪs/(GVS) • *fǔlljan > fyllan (Umlaut) fill /fɪll/ (no GVS) • *fŏdjan> fēdan(Umlaut) feed/fi:d/ (GVS)

  15. More on i-mutation: examples • mouse-mice, • full-fill, • gold-gild, • fox-vixen, • food-feed, • doom-deem, • goose-geese • tooth-teeth, • book-beech, • man-men, • Canterbury-Kent, • long-length, • tale-tell

  16. Middle EnglishDialects • Anumber of local dialects • The OE disunity -considerably increased #1 the isolation of districts in the feudal state #2 the two foreign influences

  17. Middle EnglishDialect Shift inthecourse of MidE Period The mixed dialect of London: the South Westerntype >> SHIFT >> the East Midland type

  18. Middle EnglishRecords • The earliest records -written in the local dialects • No literary standard yet in existence • Sometime after the Norman conquest (1066) Englishliterature practically nonexistent • Some dialects – an almost 200-year gap • The earliestMidEsamples ofprose: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles >> the PetersboroughChronicle(1122-1154).

  19. BRITISH ENGLISH DIALECTS

  20. Regional English Dialects • England - UPPER CLASS (RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION) • Phonology • [r] if not followed by a vowel • [o] ¡ [Ïw] know, so, though, blow, • [a] ¡ [Ø] not, what, got • accent: library, • Morphology • have is a modal auxiliary: • It is raised: have you a quid? • It is cliticized: I've five quid • Collectives: • theparliamentarein session • the team are fit • the group are out playing • Syntax • Discontinuous verbal particles: catch you up, ring you up • Default pro-verb: Did you get the paper? I would have done, but I didn't have tuppence. • phrases • come a cropper • bangers and mash • Lexicon • knockup • ring up • catchyouup • bonnet • wind screen • boot • chips • crisps • bangers • rubber • lorry • dustbin • napkin • knickers • petrol

  21. COCKNEY • Phonology • drop [h] • high, hope, he, her • I got high hopeshewon't hit her • [l] : [ʊ] pill, call, tall • [t] : [ʔ] little, bottle, whatyagotvere mate • [eɪ] : [aɪ] mate, gain, • [aɪ] : [ɒɪ] high, flighty, might, • [aʊ] : [æʊ] mouse, house, comeround • [u] : [u:ʊ] who, new, blue • [æ] : [a] cab, cat, rat • Interdentalsbecomelabiodentals • right nice littlething • Wot'swifyu? • me muvvuh • Morphology • Me for my • me mum • at's me bookyougot 'ere • Past tense BE: were • Lexicon • Bloody, lolly, buggeroff!, bloomin‘, bangers , knickers, Fancythat!, guv'na, knackered

  22. SCOTLAND • Phonology • [r] - trill • [u] : [y] Lookattheschool! • [a] : [æ] • intonation: talking 'up' • 'Canadian' raising [aɪ] : [ɪj] : light, right, kite • Morphology • Articles: t for the • Contraction: dunna, dinna • Syntax • Lexicon • bairn • wee • loch • kirk • Lad : lassie

  23. Australia • Phonology • [l] : [ʊ] exceptbeforevowels (fill, belt, told) • [eɪ] : [aɪ] (gate, mate, gray, say, fail) • [e] : [ə] (bed, Fred, let, tell, spell) • [a] : [æ] (bad, cat, bat) • [h] : [ø] (high, hug, hate, hover) • [r] : [ø] (part, car, fear, pear)) • Lexicon: diminutives Barby, dunny(toilet), down under, outback, bangup

  24. OtherEnglish Dialects (1) East Midlands • once variedfrom county to county • Nowpredominantly RP • R's are dropped, but h's are pronounced. The only signs that differentiate it from RP: • ou > u: (so go becomes /gu:/). • RP yu; becomes u: after n, t, d... as in American English. TheWest Country • r'sare not dropped. • initial s often becomes z (singer > zinger). • initial f often becomes v (finger > vinger). • vowelsarelengthened. West Midlands - the dialect of Ozzie Osbourne! • Pronunciationis not that different from RP, • some of the vocabulary is: • are > am • am, are (with a continuous sense) > bin • is not > ay • are not > bay Brummieis theBirmingham-spokenversionof West Midlands

  25. OtherEnglishDialects (2) • LancashireThis dialect, spoken north and east of Liverpool, has the southern habit of dropping r's. Otherfeatures: • /ʌ/ > /u/, as in luck (/luk/). • /əʊ/ > /oi/, as in hole (/hoil/) • Scouse is the very distinctive Liverpool accent, a version of the Lancashire dialect, that the Beatles made famous. • the tongue is drawn back. • /th/ and /dh/ > /t/ and /d/ respectively. • final k sounds like the Arabic q. • for rhymes with fur. • YorkshireThe Yorkshire dialect - sing-song quality, a little like Swedish, and retains its r's. • /ʌ/ > /ʊ/, as in luck (/luk/). • the - reduced to t'. • initialh-dropping. • was > were. • still use thou (pronounced /thɑ:/) and thee. • aught and naught (pronounced /aut/ or /out/ and /naut/ or /nout/) = anything and nothing.

  26. OtherEnglishDialects (3) Northern The Northern dialect ~the southern-most Scottishdialects. Many OScanwords,e.g. bairn= child /r/ (often a roll)kept The best-knownisGeordie(Newcastle) • -er > /æ/ -father > /fædhær/ • /ou/ > /oa/- boat > each letter is pronounced. • talk > /ta:k/ • work > /work/ • book > /bu:k/ • my > me • me > us • our > wor • you(plur.) > youse

  27. ENGLISH VARIETIES WORLDWIDE – EAST OF LONDON http://eleaston.com/world-eng.html#ng http://eleaston.com/world-eng.html#sa http://eleaston.com/india-eng.html http://eleaston.com/world-eng.html#sp http://eleaston.com/world-eng.html#phil http://eleaston.com/australian-eng.html http://eleaston.com/nz-eng.html http://eleaston.com/world-eng.html#car

  28. ENGLISH VARIETIES WORLDWIDE – WEST OF LONDON http://eleaston.com/world-eng.html#Welsh http://eleaston.com/irish-eng.html http://eleaston.com/world-eng.html#car http://eleaston.com/am-eng.html

  29. PIDGIN : CREOLE PIDGINis a simple form of a language whichspeakers of a different language use to communicate. Pidgin is not anyone's first language. CREOLE is a language that has developed from a mixture of different languages and has become the main language in a particular place. (=patois)

  30. ENGLISH-BASED PIDGINS American Indian Pidgin English ChinesePidgin English ChukotkaPidgin English Fulani Pidgin English JapaneseBambooEnglish JapanesePidgin English KoreanBambooEnglish KruPidgin English LiberianInterior Pidgin English LoyaltyIslands Pidgin English Madras Tamil Pidgin English* Maori Pidgin English* MicronesianPidgin English Nauru Chinese Pidgin English New Caledonian Pidgin English NewfoundlandPidgin English Port Augusta Pidgin English Port Jackson Pidgin English QueenslandKanaka English Scottish Pidgin English Sierra Leone Pidgin English SamoanPlantationPidgin Taiwan Pidgin English ThaiPidgin English TogolesePidgin English VietnamesePidgin English West African Pidgin English

  31. ENGLISH-BASED CREOLS Atlantic Eastern • Northern • Afro-SeminoleCreole • BahamasCreoleEnglish • Sea Island CreoleEnglish • Southern • Antigua and Barbuda CreoleEnglish • Bajan • GrenadianCreoleEnglish • GuyaneseCreoleEnglish • TobagonianCreoleEnglish • TrinidadianCreoleEnglish • VincentianCreoleEnglish • VirginIslandsCreoleEnglish • Turks and Caicos CreoleEnglish • Krio • Fernando Po CreoleEnglish • Krio • Pidgin, Nigerian • Pidgin, Cameroon • Suriname • Ndyuka • Aukan • Kwinti • Sranan • Western • Belize KriolEnglish • NicaraguaCreoleEnglish • IslanderCreoleEnglish • JamaicanCreoleEnglish • Pacific • Bislama • Hawai'iCreoleEnglish • NgatikMen'sCreole • Pijin • Kriol • Torres StraitCreole • Tok Pisin • Saramaccan THE END

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