ENGLISH DIALECTS AND ACCENTS

1. ENGLISH DIALECTS AND ACCENTS

2. Hughes A., Trudgill P.,English Accents and Dialects (An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles), Fourth Edition; Hodder Arnold: 2005 http://sounds.bl.uk/Sound-Maps/UK-Soundmap/full-screen

3. VARIETIES OF ENGLISH • historical change • regional variation • social variation • stylistic variation

4. VARIETIES OF ENGLISH • historical change • regional variation • social variation • stylistic variation • lexis, grammar, pronunciation…

5. DIALECT - ACCENT dialect – common lexical, grammatical, phonetic features accent – common phonetic features

6. standard S O C I O L E C T S social variation regional variation REGIONAL DIALECTS

8. Social vs. regional variation: h-dropping (West Yorkshire) Upper-middle class: 12% Lower-middle class: 28% Upper working class: 67% Middle working class: 89% Lower working class: 93%

9. REGIONAL VARIETIES OF BRITISH ENGLISH

10. Social prestige of regional dialects

11. Social prestige of regional dialects RP: received pronunciation “accepted in the best society” – 19th century

12. Social prestige of regional dialects RP: received pronunciation “accepted in the best society” – 19th century 3-5 % of speakers today

13. Social prestige of regional dialects RP: received pronunciation “accepted in the best society” – 19th century 3-5 % of speakers today Queen’s English, BBC English

14. Social prestige of regional dialects RP: received pronunciation “accepted in the best society” – 19th century 3-5 % of speakers today Queen’s English, BBC English Estuary English

15. GRAMMATICAL VARIATION ACROSS REGIONS

16. GRAMMATICAL VARIATION ACROSS REGIONS • Nouns • unmarked plurality in nouns of measurements: • a hundred pound, five foot (even in colloquial SE)

17. GRAMMATICAL VARIATION ACROSS REGIONS • Nouns • unmarked plurality in nouns of measurements: • a hundred pound, five foot (even in colloquial SE) • Pronouns • us – objective case of I (north-eastern England, Scotland)

18. GRAMMATICAL VARIATION ACROSS REGIONS • Nouns • unmarked plurality in nouns of measurements: • a hundred pound, five foot (even in colloquial SE) • Pronouns • us – objective case of I (north-eastern England, Scotland) • thou, thee, thy, thine (north of England, rural south-west) • thou, thee = tha (north of England) • tha cast = ‘you can’

19. strong : weak forms of pronouns (south-west England: Devon, Somerset) you ee he er (subject), ‘n (object) she er we us they ‘m We wouldn’t do it, would us? Give ‘n to she.

20. strong : weak forms of pronouns (south-west England: Devon, Somerset) • you ee • he er (subject), ‘n (object) • she er • we us • they ‘m • We wouldn’t do it, would us? • Give ‘n to she. • Mass nouns referred as it, countable nouns as he, er, ‘n • Pass me the bread. It’s on the table. • Pass me the loaf. He’s on the table.

21. Reflexive pronouns (in many non-standard dialects): myself herself yourself itself hisself ourselves theirselves

22. Reflexive pronouns (in many non-standard dialects): myself herself yourself itself hisself ourselves theirselves Every student should give themself a break.

23. Demonstratives north of England, Scotland: three-way demonstratives this these (NE) thir (Sc) that them they, thae yon yon yon, thon

24. Demonstratives north of England, Scotland: three-way demonstratives this these (NE) thir (Sc) that them they, thae yon yon yon, thon Relative pronouns That was the man what done it. (particularly common) That was the man which done it. That was the man as done it. That was the man at done it. That was the man done it. That is the man what his son done it.

25. Comparison of adjectives She’s more rougher than he is. He’ s the most toughest bloke I’ve met. You ought to be carefuller in future.

26. Comparison of adjectives She’s more rougher than he is. He’ s the most toughest bloke I’ve met. You ought to be carefuller in future. Adverbs He ran slow. She spoke very clever. They done it very nice.

27. Comparison of adjectives She’s more rougher than he is. He’ s the most toughest bloke I’ve met. You ought to be carefuller in future. Adverbs He ran slow. She spoke very clever. They done it very nice.

28. Verbs

29. Verbs Irregular verbs: reduction of forms, regularization of verbs

30. Verbs Irregular verbs: reduction of forms, regularization of verbs see – seen – seen or see – see – seen give – give – give come – come – come go – went – went write – writ – writ draw – drawed - drawed

31. Verbs Irregular verbs: reduction of forms, regularization of verbs see – seen – seen or see – see – seen give – give – give come – come – come go – went – went write – writ – writ draw – drawed - drawed Present Tense forms: the ending -s

32. Verbs Irregular verbs: reduction of forms, regularization of verbs see – seen – seen or see – see – seen give – give – give come – come – come go – went – went write – writ – writ draw – drawed - drawed Present Tense forms: the ending -s He don’t like it. (East Anglia, American, Caribbean) He don’t like it. (East Anglia, American, Caribbean) We goes home. (north of England, south-west, South Wales)

33. Verbs Irregular verbs: reduction of forms, regularization of verbs see – seen – seen or see – see – seen give – give – give come – come – come go – went – went write – writ – writ draw – drawed - drawed Present Tense forms: the ending -s He don’t like it. (East Anglia, American, Caribbean) He don’t like it. (East Anglia, American, Carribean) We goes home. (north of England, south-west, South Wales) Scotland, Northern Ireland – present : historical present I go home every day. I goes down the street. I sees this man.

34. Negation

35. Negation • multiple negation = negative concord • in most parts of the British Isles: • I didn’t have no dinner.

36. Negation • multiple negation = negative concord • in most parts of the British Isles: • I didn’t have no dinner. • ain’t[eɪnt, ɛnt, ɪnt] • very common, but not throughout Britain • = am not, is not, are not, have/has not < amn’t • I ain’t coming. I ain’t done it.

37. Negation • multiple negation = negative concord • in most parts of the British Isles: • I didn’t have no dinner. • ain’t[eɪnt, ɛnt, ɪnt] • very common, but not throughout Britain • = am not, is not, are not, have/has not < amn’t • I ain’t coming. I ain’t done it. • no, nae, na for not (Scotland): • He’s no coming. • I’ve nae got it. • I cannae go. • We do na have one.

38. never as past tense negative: • In most parts of British Isles • I never went to see him yesterday, • You done it. – I never. • AUXLIARIES • have • stative : dynamic use • SE: I haven’t any money. I didn’t have coffee with my breakfast. • AE: I don’t have any money. I didn’t have coffee with my breakfast, • ScE: I haven’t any money. I hadn’t coffee with my breakfast.

39. never as past tense negative: • In most parts of British Isles • I never went to see him yesterday, • You done it. – I never. • AUXLIARIES • have • stative : dynamic use • SE: I haven’t any money. I didn’t have coffee with my breakfast. • AE: I don’t have any money. I didn’t have coffee with my breakfast, • ScE: I haven’t any money. I hadn’t coffee with my breakfast.

40. never as past tense negative: • In most parts of British Isles • I never went to see him yesterday, • You done it. – I never. • AUXLIARIES • have • stative : dynamic use • SE: I haven’t any money. I didn’t have coffee with my breakfast. • AE: I don’t have any money. I didn’t have coffee with my breakfast, • ScE: I haven’t any money. I hadn’t coffee with my breakfast.

41. American, British English: have > have got (informal) • Younger speakers > no distinction between stative and dynamic have: • Have you got any money? (informal) • Have you any money? (formal, older speakers) • Do you have any money? (younger speakers) • do • Full verb, auxiliary function • SE: do did done • Most non-standard d’s: do did (auxiliary) • do done done(full verb) • You done lots of work, didn’t you? I did. I done it last night.

42. be • North-eastern England: is for all persons: I is... • Parts of West-Midland: am for all persons: You am... • South-western England: be for all persons • wozfor all persons; You woz...

43. modal auxiliaries • must • SE, southern English: • deontic: He must do it. He mustn’t do it. • He has to do it. He doesn’t have to do it. • He’s got to do it. He hasn’t got to do it. • epistemic: He must have seen it. He can’t have seen it. • Northern English epistemic: He mustn’t be in. • Younger speakers: ought (to), used (to) with do • They didn’t used to go. (= They used not to go). • He doesn’t ought to go. (= He ought not to go)

44. QUESTION TAGS: • north-eastern Scotland: same polarity tags: • It’ s a fine day, is it? • the use of innit as a general tag (marked as slang)

45. Contracted forms: South of England: I haven’t got it. She won’t go. Doesn’t she like it? North of England: I’ve not got it. She’ll not go. Does he not like it?

46. SE: She gave the man a book. She gave him it. She gave him the book. She gave the book to the man. She gave it to him. South of England: to – prefered if DO is a pronoun North of England: She gave it him (acceptable in the south) She gave it the man (not found in the south)

47. PRONUNCIATION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8mzWkuOxz8 VARIABILITY WITHIN RP Older speakers : younger speakers Social classes Acquisition of RP Conservative (refined) RP General RP Advanced RP Regional RP Adoptive RP...

48. Plosives: • Little aspiration in the speech of upper-class speakers • Glottal stop • - before consonants in syllable-final environment: • six [sɪʔks] - glottalization • - instead of the linking r • - realization of word-final or morpheme-final plosives, • especially if the next consonant has • the same place of articulation: - glottaling • get down [geʔ’daʊn] • Scotland [‘skɒʔlənd] • back garden [bæʔ’gɑ:dn] • - Increasing use of [ʔ] instead of [t] in younger speakers