WORLD WAR I “The War to End War” 1917 - 1918

1. WORLD WAR I “The War to End War” 1917 - 1918

2. LONG-TERM CAUSES OF THE WORLD WAR I Nationalism Militarism Imperialism Alliances

3. Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy President Wilson opposed imperialism; believed democracy was necessary to keep the nation prosperous. He said he wanted a world free from revolution and war. But....... Woodrow Wilson

4. 1911 - Revolution broke out in Mexico. • Wilson refused to recognize the new government. • 1914 - Wilson sent U.S. Marines to seize the Mexican port of Veracruz and overthrow Huerta, the new leader. • Anti-American riots broke out in Mexico. Huerta

5. Pancho Villa led a guerrillaattack into New Mexico, and a number of Americans were killed. Pancho Villa • Wilson sent General John J. Pershing and his troops into Mexico to capture Villa; they were unsuccessful. • Wilson’s Mexican policy damaged U.S. foreign relations. Gen. John J. “Black Jack” Pershing

6. The Outbreak of World War I • By 1871 German states were united. • The new Germany changed European politics; France and Germany were enemies. • Germanyformed the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy.

7. In the early 1900s, as a result of imperialism, Great Britain began an arms race with Germany. • Britain entered into an alliance with France and Russia. • The three countries became known as the Triple Entente. Britain Russia France

9. Nationalism, intense pride for one’s homeland, was BIG in Europe in the late 1800s. • The right to self-determination (idea that people should have their own country and government) was a basic idea of nationalism. • Led to Balkans crisis; different national groups in the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires began to seek independence. NATIONALISM

10. June 1914 - ArchdukeFranz Ferdinand (heir to Austro-Hungarian throne) was killed by a Bosnian revolutionary. • This act set off a chain of events that led to World War I. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie -- just minutes before they were assassinated.

12. The Allies – France, Russia, Great Britain, and later Italy – fought for the Triple Entente. • Germany and Austria-Hungary joined the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria to form the Central Powers. • Germany and France became locked in a stalematealong hundreds of miles of trenches. • The stalemate lasted three years.

13. Trench Warfare

14. Trench Foot

15. Rats in the Trenches

16. American Neutrality • Wilson declared the United States to beneutral. • Americans, however, began showing support for one side or the other. Many immigrants supported their homelands. • Most Americans favored the Allied cause.

17. American businesses had close ties to the Allied countries. • Many American banks gave loans to the Allies. • As a result, American prosperity was tied to the war. • The money would be paid back only if the Allies won.

18. Propaganda was an important tool in building up the American public’s support of the Allied Powers.

20. British propaganda aimed at the USA. Caption: "It should be America's duty to help us subdue the mad dog of Europe."

21. Moving Toward War While most Americans supported the Allies, they did not want to enter the war. • The British navy blockaded Germany to keep it from getting supplies. • To get around the blockade, Germany deployed submarines known asU-boats.

22. Germany threatened to sink any ship that entered the waters around Britain. • Attacking civilians ships without warning violated international law; U.S. was outraged! • The Lusitania, British passenger liner, was hit by the Germans, killing almost 1,200 passengers – including 128 Americans.

23. U.S. warned Germany to stop U-boat strikes! • Germany did not want the U.S. to join the war and strengthen the Allies, so it agreed to stop. • Sussex Pledge - promise made by Germany to stop sinking merchant ships; kept the United States out of the war for a bit longer. German Imperial Army flag

24. German official, Arthur Zimmermann, cabled the German ambassador in Mexico; offered Mexico an alliance with Germany and territory Mexico had previously lost to the U.S. • Zimmermann telegram was intercepted by British intelligence and leaked to US newspapers. • Americans were furious!!! Arthur Zimmermann

25. February 1917 - Germany went back to using unrestricted submarine warfare; soon after, sank six American merchant ships. • On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war against Germany. President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress for a Declaration of War

26. Building Up the Military • More U.S. soldiers needed! • Many progressives thought conscription (forced military service) violated democratic principles. • A new system of conscription, called selective service, resulted in about 2.8 million Americans being drafted.

27. The navy enlisted some 11,000 women; jobs included clerks, radio operators, electricians, pharmacists, photographers, chemists, and torpedo assemblers. • The army, choosing not to enlist women, hired them as temporary employees to fill clerical positions.

28. Organizing Industry • President Wilson and Congress wanted to establish a cooperative relationship between big business and government to ensure efficient use of resources during the war.

29. The Food Administration, under the direction of Herbert Hoover, was responsible for increasing food production while reducing consumption.

31. Hoover asked people to plant victory gardens to raise their own vegetables in order to leave more food for the troops.

32. The Fuel Administration encouraged people to conserve coal and oil. • Daylight savingstime was introduced to conserve energy.

33. To raise money to pay for the war, the government began selling Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds. • By buying bonds, Americans were loaning the government money that would be repaid with interest in a specified number of years.

35. Mobilizing the Workforce • To prevent strikes, the government established the National War Labor Board (NWLB) in 1918. • In exchange for wage increases, an 8-hour workday, and the right to organize unions and bargain collectively, labor leaders agreed not to strike during the war. NO STRIKES!

37. Ensuring Public Support • Espionage, or spying to acquire secret government information, was addressed in the Espionage Act of 1917. • It set up consequences for people who aided the enemy.

38. The Sedition Act of 1918 made it illegal to criticize the president or the government. • Suspicions of disloyalty led to mistreatment of German Americans. Anti-German feelings sometimes led to violence. • Radical labor activists, socialists, pacifists, and anyone appearing disloyal also came under attack.

39. In the case of Schenck v. United States(1919), the Supreme Court ruling limited an individual’s freedom of speech if the words spoken constituted a “clear and present danger.”

41. Combat in World War I • By 1917 World War I had claimed millions of European lives. • Americans believed their troops could bring the war to a quick end. • Soldiers dug trenches as protection from modern weapons. • “No man’s land” was the space between the opposing trenches.

42. To break through enemy lines, new technologies were created. • Poison gas, first used by the Germans; caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation. • Tanksdid not work well. • Airplanesdropped small bombs on the enemy and engaged in air battles ("dogfights").

43. The Americans and Victory • “Doughboys” - nickname for American soldiers. • Entry of American soldiers boosted the morale of Allied forces. • Convoys - merchant ships and troop transports were gathered into groups and brought across the Atlantic by warships. • Result: reduced shipping losses; ensured that American troops would get to Europe safely.

44. Although Russians supported the war effort, their government was not equipped to handle the major problems of the nation. • In 1917 Vladimir Lenin, leader of the BolshevikParty, overthrew the czar’s government and replaced it with Communism. Lenin

45. Lenin pulled Russia out of the war. • Signed theTreatyof Brest-Litovskwith Germany. • This closed the Eastern Front for Germany. Territories surrendered by Soviet Russia due to Brest-Litovsk Treaty

46. September 1918 - General Pershing put together the most massive attack in American history; devastated German troops. • On November 11, 1918, Germany finally signed an armistice, or cease-fire, that ended the war.

47. A Flawed Peace • January 1919 - Allied nations met to resolve issues caused by WWI. • Wilson’s plan - called the Fourteen Points. • Tried to eliminate general causes of the war: 1. Free trade (Imperialism) 2. Disarmament (Militarism) 3. Open diplomacy (Secret Alliances) 4. Self-determination (Nationalism) X X X X

48. Fourteenth point, known as the League of Nations, called for member nations to help preserve peace and prevent future wars. THE FOURTEEN POINTS Woodrow Wilson – 1/18/1918 1. Open alliances 6-13. Specific provisions for: 2. Freedom of the seas Russia, Belgium, France 3. Open trade Italy, Austria-Hungary 4. Disarmament Balkan Nations, Turkey 5. Self-determination for nations 14. League of Nations

49. “The Big Four” Lloyd George (Great Britain); Orlando (Italy); Clemenceau (France); Wilson (US) Peace Conference at Versailles

50. The other Allied governments felt that Wilson’s plan was too lenient toward Germany. • Treaty of Versailles - weakened Wilson’s proposal. Stripped Germany of its armed forces and made it pay reparations(war damages) to Allies. • Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations were opposed by many U.S. lawmakers.