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Phonological rules

Phonological rules. LING 200 Spring 2006. Foreign accents and borrowed words. Borrowed words often pronounced according to phonological rules of borrowing language Foreign accents result from application of native language phonology to target language phonology

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Phonological rules

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  1. Phonological rules LING 200 Spring 2006

  2. Foreign accents and borrowed words • Borrowed words • often pronounced according to phonological rules of borrowing language • Foreign accents • result from application of native language phonology to target language phonology • especially if language learned as adult

  3. Spanish loans into English [r] = alveolar trill [] = voiced velar fricative [] = retroflex approximant; [] = alveolar flap

  4. The original shibboleth • Judges 12:5-6

  5. Some types of phonological rules • Assimilation (cf. phonetic coarticulation) • Dissimilation • Deletion • Epenthesis

  6. Examples of phonological rules • Assimilation • Mohawk Voicing • Nasal Assimilation in Italian (and many other languages) • Korean s-palatalization

  7. Witsuwit’en [] and [] after non-lowering consonants [q] = voiceless uvular stop; [q’] = uvular ejective; [ch] = voiceless aspirated palatal stop; [X] = voiceless uvular fricative; [] = voiceless lateral fricative; [] = voiced uvular approximant; [m’] = glottalized nasal

  8. Witsuwit’en consonant chart

  9. Dissimilation • A sound becomes less similar to another sound • An example from Sanskrit • Phonetic background from Hindi Sanskrit Hindi 5 = retroflex

  10. Laryngeal contrasts in Hindi • []= voiced retroflex stop • [Al] ‘branch’ • [] = voiceless retroflex stop • [Al] ‘postpone’ • [h] = voiceless aspirated retroflex stop • [hAl] ‘wood shop’ • []= (breathy) voiced aspirated retroflex stop • [Al] ‘shield’

  11. Dissimilation Grassman’s Law (Sanskrit): • Voiced aspirated stops/affricates are deaspirated before another voiced aspirated stop/affricate. • C C / ___ ... C

  12. Grassman’s Law in Sanskrit • [b] = voiced aspirated labial stop • Rightmost voiced aspirate survives • Rightmost voiced aspirate devoices and deaspirates before [s] (a different phonological rule); leftmost survives

  13. Deletion • Cree. An Algonquian language spoken in Canada (B.C. to Ontario) • /w/  Ø / C ___ # (# = edge of word)

  14. Epenthesis • Witsuwit’en • No word can begin with // • [h] epenthesized • /tsh/ [htsh] (more narrowly, [htsh]) ‘he’s crying’ • Tsek’ene • No word can begin with // • [] epenthesized • /tsh/ [tsh] ‘he’s crying’

  15. Epenthesis • English • No word can begin with a vowel • [] epenthesized • uh-oh /o/ [o] • apple /æpl/ [æpl] • the apple /ð/ # /æpl/ [ðæpl]

  16. Phonetics vs. phonology

  17. Final thoughts about spoken language phonetics and phonology A clip from The Human Language, vol. 3

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