Phonological Overregularity

1. Phonological Overregularity 语音上的不规则现象

2. Phonological Overregularity • Phonological overregularity is characteristic of literature, especially poetry. It consists of two aspects, namely phonemic patterning（音位上的构形）and rhythmic patterning（节奏模式）.

3. Phonological Overregularity • Phonological overregularity consists of two aspects, namely phonemic patterning（音位上的构形）and rhythmic patterning（节奏模式）.

4. Phonemic Patterning 音位上的构形 alliteration Phonemic Patterning assonance consonance onomatopoeia rhyme

5. Alliteration • Alliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant cluster in stressed syllable. • It is usually used to form a connection or a connection of contrast.

6. Alliteration • what is meant by the initial consonant cluster? • In English, a syllable consists of three parts: an initial consonant cluster, a vowel or diphthong and a final consonant cluster.

7. Alliteration • The initial consonant cluster is formed by 0, 1, 2, or 3 consonants. For example, the longest initial consonant cluster ‘strong’ /str/, where there are three consonants. • cvc cvc=alliteration 头韵 • last but not least • now and never • safe and sound • speech is silver, silence is golden. • great and grand ，pride and prejudice

8. Alliteration • Freedom is not given free to any who ask, liberty is not born of the Gods. She is a child of the people, born in the very height and heat of battle. (F. Norris) • Cold are the crabs（蟹类）that crawl on yonder hills, Colder the cucumbers that grow beneath… (Edward Lear, Cold Are the Crabs) as cool as a cucumber: cool and calm

9. Alliteration • Freedom is not given free to any who ask, liberty is not born of the Gods. She is a child of the people, born in the very height and heat of battle. (F. Norris)

10. Alliteration • Cold are the crabs（蟹类）that crawl on yonder hills, Colder the cucumbers that grow beneath… (Edward Lear, Cold Are the Crabs) as cool as a cucumber: cool and calm

11. Assonance • Assonance is the repetition of identical vowel or diphthong in stressed syllables. It is one of the important phonological features of literary texts. • cvc cvc=元音垒韵

12. Assonance • e.g. (4) Think from how many trees • Dead leaves are brought • To earth on seed or wing… • (Vernon Watkins, The Compost Heap)

13. Assonance • trees, leaves and seed • the cycle of life • musical quality of a literary text • meaning of a literary text

14. Consonance • Consonance is the repetition of the final consonant cluster in stressed syllables. • cvc cvc= 和声 • e.g.

15. Consonance • Like one in danger, Cautious, • I offered him a Crumb • And he unrolled his feathers • And rowed him softer home— • Than Oars divide the Ocean. • Too silver for a seam－ • Or Butterflies, off Banks of Noon • Leap, plashless as they swim. • (Emily Dickinson, A Bird)

16. Consonance • (6) Nothing lovelier than that lonely call, • Bare and singular, like a gull, • And three notes or four, then that was all. • It drew up from the quiet like a well, • Waited, sang, and vanishing, was still. • (Jon Swan, In Her Song She Is Alone)

17. Onomatopoeia • Onomatopoeia is ambiguous and can be interpreted in several different ways. For our analysis, two interpretations are relevant. • Firstly, it refers to the use of words formed in imitation of the natural sounds associated with the object or action involved. • Secondly, the words which suggest natural sounds reinforce the meaning conveyed in the text unit.

18. Onomatopoeia • Onomatopoeia is referred to by Alexander Pope as a necessary part of a poet’s technique.

19. Onomatopoeia • The Brook • I chatter over stony ways, • In little sharps and trebles, • I bubble into eddying bays, • I babble on the pebbles. • (Tennyson, The Brook)

20. Rhyme • Rhyme is defined in Concise Oxford Dictionary as “identity of sounds between words or verse lines extending back from theend to the last fully accented vowel and not further”. • Thus, a rhyme word may in theory have one, two, three or more syllables, though in practice rhymes of more than two syllables are rare in serious literature.

21. Rhyme • One-syllable rhymes, which are in the vast majority, are referred to as masculine rhymes • two-syllable rhymes are called feminine rhymes. • Other kinds of rhymes may simply be called poly-syllabic rhymes.

22. Rhyme • She walks in beauty, like the night • Of cloudless climes and starry skies; • And all that’s best of dark and bright • Meet in her aspect and her eyes; • Thus mellowed to that tender light • Which heaven to gaudy day denies. • (Byron, She Walks in Beauty) masculine rhymes

23. Rhyme • Reflections on Ice-breaking • Candy • Is dandy, • But liquor • Is quicker. • (Ogden Nash) feminine rhymes

24. Rhyme • Take her up tenderly, • Lift her with care, • Fashion’d so slenderly, • Young, and so fair! • (Thomas Hood, The Bridge of Sighs) masculine and poly-syllabic rhymes End rhymes occur at the end of verse lines

25. Rhyme • Rhyme which occurs within a verse line is called internal rhyme. • Far from city’s strident jangle as I angle, smoke and dream. (Newman Levy, Midsummer Jingle)

26. Rhyme • Rhyme which is formed by repeating either the vowel (or diphthong) or the final consonant cluster is called half-rhyme (semi-rhyme). • Hope is the thing with feathers • That perches in the soul, • And sings the tune without the words • And never stops at all. • (Emily Dickinson, Hope Is the thing with Feather)

27. Rhyme • a rhyme-scheme （韵脚）

28. Rhyme • For I have known them all already, known them all— • Have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons, • I have measured out my life with coffee spoons; • (T. S. Eliot, The Love song of J. Alfred Prufrock)