TEKANAN MANUSIA DAN RESPON EKOSISTEM Oleh Drs. Sudrajat,S.U. FMIPA UNMUL 2007

1. TEKANAN MANUSIA DAN RESPON EKOSISTEM Oleh Drs. Sudrajat,S.U. FMIPA UNMUL 2007

2. 1.FUNGSI EKOSISTEM ALAMI • Natural environments provide • innumerable services to • humanity • Food • Fiber • Genetic resources • Absorb wastes • Recreation • Aesthetic values • Water

3. Ecosystem • mutually interacting components, describable in broad term as: • climate (atmosphere), • soil (lithosphere), • water(hydrosphere),and • organisms (biosphere)

4. 2. Ecological Integrity Ecological integrity is a notion - no consensus of definition • anthropogenic changes will enhance some species, communities, & processes, while damaging others • indicators of EI are derived from knowledge of changes in stressed ecosystems, which suggests that greater EI occurs in systems that, in a relative sense: • are resilient & resistant to changes in stressor intensity • are structurally and functionally complex • have controlled nutrient cycling - do not "leak" capital • have a high level of biodiversity • have large species present • have higher-order predators present • do not require management to maintain essential qualities - they are “self-sustaining” • are components of a “natural” sere rather than an anthropogenic one • most ecologists consider the attributes of native species and natural ecosystems to represent greater EI, compared with alien species & anthropogenic ecosystems

5. 3.Human social system • mutually interacting components: • population, • technology, • social structure, and • ideology

6. What are the 3 fundamental functional aspects of all natural systems? • What are the interactions within and between social and ecosystems?

9. 4. EVOLUSI PENGUASAAN ALAM • Ekosistemalami ( ManusiabagiandariAlam) • Penjelajahan • Perladanganberpindah • Tanitap • Peternakansubsisten • Pertaniansubsisten • PertanianIndustri • Industri 9/12/2014 9

10. 5.Human in nature • modern human (Homo sapiens sapiens) evolve 40,000 years ago • about 30,000 years living as "hunter-gatherers" • existed in many different ecosystems from tropics to temperate • acted like other omnivorous species

11. The Pressures of Population • What is the carrying capacity for the human population on Earth? • How will the human ecological footprint impact on nature’s goods and services?

12. POPULATION AND CONSUMPTION • Many environmental issues can be linked to ________ human population and ________ demand on natural resources. • In some regions of the world, the population is growing too quickly for the region to support. • This causes a ________ _____. increasing increasing population crisis

13. Interrelationship between the human and environment

15. 6.Evolution of Relationships between human and Environment • 3 eras

17. What do the system model show? • 1. Plausible points of interconnection between social system and ecosystem. • 2. These linkages involve flows of energy, material, and information; within and between the individual components. • 3. These linkages are strategic targets for interdisciplinary research to study interactions of man and environment.

20. 7. Economic rationalism’s march continues unabated

21. 8.Influences of environment on social development Relationship between agricultural production, settlement patterns, socio-political system and religion in Danube basin

23. Theoretical framework of social development • 1. Environmental determinism • "Environment is the determinant of cultural form"

25. POPULATION AND CONSUMPTION

26. 9.Environmental Disturbances • An environmental disturbance is an event with the potential to harm the environment. What is an Environmental Disturbance?

27. Environmental Stress Stress ecology is a major part of the conceptual and theoretical framework of environmental ecology • stress can defined as: “an environmental influence that constrains organisms or that limits ecological development” • intensity may increase or decrease, and this may result in a biological/ecological response: SER model: stressor ---(variable exposure)-- response

29. Ecological Change As managers, we often must judge the “quality” of ecological change • are effects of intensified stress “good” or “bad”? The criteria used are often anthropocentric • a resource needed by the economy may be affected But “natural” criteria may also be used: • may involve indicators related to important ecological notions, such as: • rare or at-risk biodiversity • native species and natural ecosystems • environmental quality • key biotic and abiotic components • ecological integrity (next slide)

30. Stressor characteristics? • Can be biological, physical, chemical • Characterized by • intensity (conc. or dose) • duration • frequency • timing • scale Temporal aspects Spatial aspect

31. Environmental Stressors PHYSICAL STRESSORS are episodic events (or disturbances) of intense but brief exposure to kinetic energy, e.g., a windstorm, volcanic eruption, earthquake, tsunami, explosion • may be microdisturbance or a stand-replacing disturbance WILDFIRE is a disturbance involving combustion of much ecosystem biomass and mortality of dominants, such as trees CHEMICAL POLLUTION occurs when exposure to substances is intense enough to cause toxicity • gases, metals, pesticides, and even nutrients (all may be beneficial at low exposure, but damaging at higher ones) • contamination - exposure below biological/ecological tolerance THERMAL POLLUTION occurs when heat (thermal energy) is released into an ecosystem • by aquatic discharges from power plants, or in hot springs RADIATION STRESS is caused by excessive ionizing energy • ultraviolet radiation, flux from nuclear waste or explosions, or ionizing gamma radiation

32. Stressors (cont’d) CLIMATIC STRESS is caused by insufficient or excessive exposure to temperature, moisture, or solar radiation • these are weather over the shorter-term (if extreme, may be a disturbance) or climate over the longer-term BIOLOGICAL STRESSORS are interactions among organisms, such as competition, herbivory, predation, parasitism, & disease • BIOLOGICAL POLLUTION involves invasive species & diseases • competition occurs when the capability of the environment to provide resources is less than the potential biological demand, so organisms interfere with each other • herbivory, predation, parasitism & disease are trophic interactions involving individuals of one species exploiting another • anthropogenic exploitation is the harvesting of wild organisms • natural exploitation may involve mortality caused by herbivores, predators, or pathogens

33. Temporal Framework Stress may be chronic or episodic • chronic is longer-term • for instance, exposure to SO2 is usually high in urban areas where S-containing fuels are burned • episodic is shorter-term, but often intense • for instance, when a large point-source occasionally fumigates a place with a high concentration of SO2 • disturbance is an episodic stressor

34. Spatial Framework Stress may external or internal • exogenous stressors come from outside - climate, gaseous pollution, acidifying deposition • endogenous stressors commonly involve biological stressors Stress may be large-scale or local • climatic factors are often regional, as is acidifying deposition • microdisturbances include windfalls and many biological interactions

35. 10Types of Stressor • Natural- naturally occurring disturbances. • Anthropogenic- disturbances caused by human action. There are two main types of Environmental stressor: Natural and Anthropogenic

36. Can you mention different examples of Environmental stressor? • Natural stressor: • hurricanes, fire, drought, flooding, changes in temperature, predation. • Anthropogenic stressor: • deforestation, mining, over fishing, air and water pollution.

37. Effect of enviromental stress • Short term effect- the ecosystem immediate reaction to the stress. • Long term effect- will depend on the ecosystem response and recovery to the stress.

38. Natural and Anthropogenic Stress Anthropogenic stress is associated with human activities Natural stress involves ambient environmental factors: • SO2 is emitted by power plants & smelters, and also by volcanoes • pollution by metals may be caused by industrial activities, but may also occur as natural mineralizations • climate change has always occurred naturally, but may now be forced by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (RAGs)

39. ENVIRONMENT STRESSOR Losses Gains Nutrient, Mineral, and Water Cycling

40. Framework Resources Population Pressure Environment

41. Framework Demographic Processes Population Goods and services Resources and services Resources and services Capital Stock Environment Economic Processes Natural Processes Leakage Wastes Waste flows Recycling

42. Humans and the Biosphere The modern environmental crisis is being caused by an anthropogenic triad of: • population growth • resource depletion • by life-style aspirations of both wealthy & poorer people • environmental and ecological degradation • effects on resources needed by humans • effects on habitat needed by indigenous biodiversity • effects on ecological integrity Collectively, these comprise a worsening and unprecedented assault on the biosphere • are humans a malignant force on the only planet in the universe known to support life and ecosystems?

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44. POPULATION AND CONSUMPTION • Furthermore, when people use up, waste, or pollute natural resources faster than they can be renewed, replaced, or cleaned up, the result is a _______ ____. consumption crisis

45. POPULATION AND CONSUMPTION • When there are too many people, there are not enough _______ for everyone to live a healthy, productive life. • As people struggle for survival in overpopulated areas, forests are stripped, topsoil exhausted, and animals are driven to extinction. • Malnutrition, starvation, and disease are constant threats. resources

46. What are our main environmental problems? Resource Depletion * Any natural substance a living thing can use is considered a ________ __________. Examples: NATURAL RESOURCES SUNLIGHT SOIL FORESTS FOSSIL FUELS WATER AIR ANIMALS MINERALS PLANTS

47. RESOURCES • Some resources can not be replaced. These are called ____-__________ ___________. Example: NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES FOSSIL FUELS COPPER

48. RESOURCES • Other resources are continually being replaced, even as they are being used. These are called __________ ___________. Example: RENEWABLE RESOURCES TREES FISH SOLAR ENERGY

49. Forest Ecosystems are dependent upon disturbance for renewal and to provide biological diversity. The plants and animals in a forest don’t know whether the disturbance is caused by natural events or human-caused events. DISTURBANCE Natural Events Fire Wind Animals Flooding Diseases/Insects Human-Caused Events Fire Harvest Pollution Development Exotic Introductions

50. BENTURAN TERHADAP TATALINGKUNGAN HIDUP • TEKANAN PERKEMBANGAN PENDUDUK • PENGEMBANGAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM • PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI • PERKEMBANGAN IPTEK • ------ KRISIS LINGKUNGAN HIDUP 9/12/2014 50