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Use and importance of cover corps around the world

Use and importance of cover corps around the world. Crucifer cover crops. Peter-Jan Jongenelen, productmanager cover crops. Content. Company Cover crops used Crucifer cover crop market Advantages on crucifer cover crops Farm rotations Nutrients and catch crops Future research.

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Use and importance of cover corps around the world

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  1. Use and importance of cover corps around the world Crucifer cover crops Peter-Jan Jongenelen, productmanager cover crops

  2. Content • Company • Cover crops used • Crucifer cover crop market • Advantages on crucifer cover crops • Farm rotations • Nutrients and catch crops • Future research

  3. Joordens Zaden • Company based in the south east of the Netherlands • Owned by a French multi specie breeder; R.A.G.T. Semences • Specialized in breeding crucifercatch/cover crops • In Scandinavia since 2005 via Agortus

  4. Used cover crops • Arable farming: • - Oil seed radish (nematode resistant) • White mustard (nematode resistant) • Ryegrass • Phacelia • Rye • French marigolds • Dairy farming: • Rye • - Clovers • Ryegrass • Forage rape

  5. Why crucifer cover crops? •  Amelioration of the soil structure •  Organic matter •  Prevent erosion and dust blizzards •  Ameliorate the drainage of the soil • Prevent soil fungi • Nematode issues • Limited possibilities chemical correction

  6. Crucifer market X 1000 ha

  7. Netherlands • Cover crop choice mainly dominated by nematode issue in field • Many different nematode populations in one field • N fixation is additional benefit • Pure N fixation in sandy soils after maize • Oil seed radish • Rye • Ryegrass • Forage rape

  8. Belgium • Cover crop choice mainly dominated by price. • Important beet cyst nematode issue • Importance of other nematode present in soil is growing • First approach to N fixation crops on sandy soils. For this purpose, same crops are used as in NL

  9. France • Cover crop choice mainly dominated by price • New law in place, where farmers are obliged to grow in winter, on bare fields, a cover crop for N fixation • A lot of crops used and tested, but winner so far; white mustard • Beet cyst nematode is most important nematode • Use of cover crops in mulching rotation, mainly oil seed radish • Start of use cover crops towards soil born fungi

  10. Germany • Cover crop mainly dominated by price and beet cyst nematode resistance • Mulching and low tilling system is widely used • Cover crops mainly seeded after winter barley • Market is opening for other nematode problems like Root knot and stem nematodes

  11. Oceania • New market, solutions mainly found in chemicals • Soil born fungi are main problems • Organic matter improvement is as important • Use of brassica’s for biofumigation • Crop choice mainly dominated by what is available • Market destroyed 5 years ago, due copying concept by crops that hadn’t effect on soil born pathogens

  12. England • Cover crops mainly used in game cover • Wide rang from maize to forage rape • Less importance on beet cyst nematode • New law for N fixation and to use cover crops for that, didn’t make it

  13. USA • Upcoming market, now dominated by chemical solutions • Problems with organic matter and water • Start use of mustards and oil seed radish towards nematode issues • Crop choice mainly dominated by price • Big market for game cover, mainly mixtures

  14. Plant parasitic nematodes • The most known: • Beet cyst nematode, white and yellow • Root knot nematode (false) • Root knot nematode (Northern) • Stem nematode • Stubby root nematode • Root lesion nematode

  15. Oil seed radish advantages • Non host to; • Globodera rostochiensis and pallida(PCN) • Heterodera avenae (Cereal cyst nematode) • Heterodera goetingiana (Carrot cyst nematode) • Meloidogyne naasi(RKN) • Ditylenchus dipsaci (Stem nematode) • Ditylenchus destructor(Stem nematode) • Tabaco Rattle virus (TRV) • Bad host to: • Paratrichodorus teres (Stubby root nematode) • On variety level resistant to; • Heterodera schachtii and betae(BCN) • Meloidogyne chitwoodi, fallax and incognita (RKN) • Trichodorus similis (Stubby root nematode)

  16. Oil seed radish advantages • As plant • Long tap root. Up till 1,5 - 2 meters • Regrowth after cutting • Leafy product • Tuber tends to bulb • Has a frost resistance up to – 6 degree C • Reduces Rhizoctonia spp

  17. White mustard advantages • Non host to; • Globodera rostochiensis and pallida(PCN) • Heterodera avenae (Cereal cyst nematode) • Heterodera goetingiana (Carrot cyst nematode) • Meloidogyne naasi(RKN) • Ditylenchus destructor(Stem nematode) • On variety level resistant to; • Heterodera schachtii and betae(BCN)

  18. White mustard advantages • As plant • Stems and leaves • long tab root, up to 1 – 1,5 meters • Frost susceptible • Easy to destroy • Fast growing crop, even at lower temperatures • Reduces Rhizoctonia spp

  19. Rotation with crucifers Farm rotation Netherlands/ Belgium • Year 1; Potato • Year 2: sugar beet/ cabbage • Year 3: onion/ carrots • Year 4: Wheat: cover crop • Year 5: Potato

  20. Rotation with crucifers Farm rotation France • Year 1; Potato • Year 2: Wheat: cover crop • Year 3: Sugar beet Or • Year 1: Wheat • Year 2: Wheat: chemical fumigation • Year 3: Carrots • Year 4: Wheat

  21. Rotation with crucifers Farm rotation Germany • Year 1; Potato • Year 2: Wheat: cover crop • Year 3: Sugar beet • Year 4: Potato Or • Year 1; Potato • Year 2: sugar beet/ cabbage • Year 3: onion/ carrots • Year 4: Wheat: cover crop • Year 5: Potato

  22. Nematode table

  23. Rotation conclusion • Most cover crops are seeded after cereals in well prepared soils • In some occasions after early harvested potatoes, leek etc • In moderate climates crops are grown over winter, f.i. Tasmania

  24. Nutrients and catch crops • France Source: ITB trial 2009, Annois France

  25. Nutrients and catch crops • Netherlands Source: N content cover crops, PPO, Wageningen

  26. Future research • More focus on nematode reducing cover crops as use of chemicals are more and more restricted • Biofumigation and fungi • Can we copy Biofumigation lab results towards practice • Try to put as many resistances in one cover crop • Within Brassica group, more species with potential

  27. Overall conclusion • We can’t provide a culture system for all countries. Need is to adapt the system towards the use of the cover crop. Main question in these; “what is the target to use your cover crop for”. • We can learn from other countries • Most important criteria for a farmer; before making his choice on a cover crop, he needs to know what is happening in his soil. F.i. Which soil born pathogens are present. • Cover crops can have positive effects on a soil and the next crop seeded, but can destroy it as well • With nematode resistant radish and mustard, we can solve many nematodes issues and improve soil health.

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