The Human World

1. The Human World Population, Culture, Political and Economic Systems, Resources, Trade and the Environment

2. World Population • 6.2 b people on earth • Until Industrial Revolution world’s population grew slowly • Birthrate growing faster than death rate • Natural increase difference between birthrate and death rate

3. Why population rates vary • Improved healthcare, adavanced technology, better nutrition lower death rate • In industrialized countries this accompanied by low birthrate • Some countries have reached zero population growth • Developing world (Latin America, Africa, Asia) birthrate high • Large families (cultural feelings)

4. Population Growth

5. Challenges of Population Growth • Food Supply • Use resources quickly • Can technology keep up?

6. Negative Population Growth • Death Rate exceeds birth rate • Late 1900’s in Europe • Difficult to keep economy going- fewer workers • Import laborers causes tension between groups

7. Human settlement is uneven Less than one- third of planet inhabited Most live near water, fertile soil and climate make life sustainable Asia 60% of worlds population Europe, N.A. most live in urban areas Population Distrbution

8. Population Density • Determine how crowded a country is by how many live in a square mile or kilometer of land • Why is this not accurate? (p.78)

9. Population Movement • Migration movement from one place to another (urban to rural areas, country to country) • Why? push and pull factors • Population moving to urban areas • Reasons- jobs, opportunity • War, environmental disaster, famine cause forced migration

10. Global Cultures • Culture- way of life shared by a group of people • Includes: • Language • Religion • Subgroups • Government • Economics

11. Language • Communicate information, share and pass on tradition, values • Unifies culture • Worlds languages divided into language groups, groups with similar roots

12. Religion • Vary greatly around world • Unify people, provides sense of identity • Influences daily life- morals, values, holidays • Religious symbols, stories shaped literature, arts

13. World Religions

14. Social Groups • Allow cultures to work together to meet basic needs • Family most important part of all cultures, makeup varies • Social class- rank based on wealth, ancestry, education, other criteria • Some include diverse ethnic groups (share common language, history, etc.)

15. Government • Government reflects culture • All maintain order, protection from outside forces, supply services to people • Organized by levels of power (national, state, local) • Type of authority- single leader, small group of leaders, representative leaders

16. Economic Activity • How cultures utilize resources • How cultures produce, obtain, use and sell goods and services

17. Culture Regions • Culture regions share certain traits • Economic systems, forms of government, social groups, language • Share common history, art forms, religion

18. Cultural Change • What creates cultural change? • Within- lifestyles, ideas, inventions • Outside influences- trade, movement of people and war • Process of spreading new knowledge and skills from one culture to another cultural diffusion

19. Agricultural Revolution • 10, 000 years ago people first settled in river valleys, established permanent settlements • Shift from gathering food to producing food agricultural revolution • 3500 B.C. organized, city based societies with government, trade, art, science established (civilizations)

20. Culture Hearths • First civilizations in areas called cultural hearths • All emerged in areas with mild climate, fertile land and were located near a major river or source of water • Factors allowed people to grow surplus food

21. Specialization and Civilization • Surplus food allowed development of other economic activities- economic activities and trade • Increased wealth, formed complex governments and societies • Governments coordinated building projects, harvests and military defense • Creation of writing systems to record and transmit information

22. Cultural Contacts Causes of Change • Contact between civilizations through trade and travel • Permanent migration • Forced migration (slaves) • Favorable conditions (climate, opportunity, freedom) draw people from one region to another • Cause tradition, practices, beliefs to blend across cultures

23. Industrial and Information Revolution • Industrial Revolution- 1750’s changes in production b/c of mechanization led to economic, social change • People left farms for jobs, working and living conditions improved • End of 1900’s Information Revolution links cultures across globe

24. Political and Economic Systems • Territory, population, sovereignty, freedom from outside control managed by governments • Make and enforce laws that bind people together • Governments reflect historic, cultural characteristics of each country • Most have different levels of government

25. RED indicates populistic system • BLUE indicates democratic system. • ORANGE indicates that political system of the country is now changing from populistic to democratic.http://www.geocities.com/historymech/maps2.html • WHITE means "not enough data to determine political system". • GREEN indicates occupied countries (also "not enough data" to determine political system). • Yellow dots mark countries that probably could become democratic in next few years.

26. Government Systems Unitary System • Gives all power to a central government • Usually small, not ethnically diverse • United Kingdom, France Federal System • Power divided between states and central government • Each has sovereignty in certain areas • U.S., Canada, Brazil, Australia, India

27. Types of Government • Three major groups • Autocracy- oldest most common form of government • Achieve authority by inheritance, use of force • Types- totalitarian (single leader) controls all aspects of life, monarchy (king, queen) leadership inherited, have supreme power of government • Constitutional monarchy- monarch share power with elected legislatures

28. Types of Government • Oligarchy- small group holds power • Power from wealth, military power, social position (sometimes religion) • Control decisions made by elected legislatures, give appearance of representing people • Usually suppress all political opposition

29. Types of Government • Democracy- leaders rule with consent of citizens • Citizens have ultimate power • Representative democracy- elect people to make laws, conduct government (legislature) • Republic- all major officials elected, head of state elected for certain term

30. Economic Systems Three Basic Decisions • What and how many goods and services should be produced • How they should be produced • Who gets the goods and services produced • Three types of economic systems • Traditional • Market • Command

31. Economic Systems Traditional Economy • Habit and custom define activity • Not free to make decisions, do what was done in the past • Not many left

32. Economic Systems Market Economy (Capitalism) • Individuals, private groups makes decisions • Based on free enterprise (make what people will buy) • Free enterprise based on right to make a profit w/o gov’t interference • People decide where to work • Mixed economy- gov’t supports and regulates free enterprise, keep competition free and fair • Gov’t influences economies by spending • United States is an example

33. Economic Systems Command Economy • Gov’t owns means of production- land, labor, capital • Directs all economic activity • Belief that it is good for society • Citizens have no say in how money is spent by gov’t

34. Resources, Trade and the Environment • Natural Resources • Two types- renewable, nonrenewable • Nonrenewable resources – minerals, fossil fuels • Need to be conserved • Renewable resources- hydroelectric power, solar energy, nuclear energy • Can be expensive, possible environmental consequences

36. Economic Development • Uneven distribution of resources affects global economy • Some countries develop economies based on their natural resources • World Economic Activities divided into four types • Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

37. Economic Development • Primary Economic Activity- taking and using natural resources, primary economic activity takes place near natural resources • Secondary Economic Activity- adds value to raw materials (manufacturing), activity occurs close to markets • Tertiary Activity- professional, wholesale or retail activities • Quaternary Activity- processing, management and distribution of information (white collar professionals)

39. Economic Development • Developed Countries- mfg., service industries employ most people • Commercial farming, don’t need as many people to grow food • High standard of living

40. Economic Development • Developing Countries- mainly in Africa, Asia, Latin America • Working toward manufacturing, mostly agricultural • Subsistence farming • Most people poor

41. Economic Development • Wealth in developed world leads to resentment • Militant groups form to strike back and heighten influence to promote change (terrorists)

42. World Trade • Unequal distribution of resources causes global trade networks to develop • Multinational companies (MNC’s) stimulate trade • Based in developed countries, set up assembly operations in smaller countries to keep down labor costs, sell to developed countries

43. World Trade Barriers to Trade • Countries mange trade to benefit them • Set up restrictions on goods from other countries (tariffs, quotas, embargoes) • Recent movement to free trade (removal of trade barriers) • Regions join together to remove restrictions (NAFTA, European Union)

44. People and the Environment • Human economic activity has affected environment • Water, air, land pollution • Deforestation • Expansion of human communities threatens natural ecosystems (desertification is an example) • Need for more resources to support growing population and technology leads to degradation of environment