1900 - 1950 in the united states of america

1. 1900 - 1950 in the united states of america Lukáš ČejkaAPIN, FNSPE CTU in Prague25.10.2018

2. Table of contents • World War I (1914 - 1918) • 1st Woman U.S. House of Representatives (1916) • United States Prohibition (1920 - 1933) • First Solo Transatlantic Flight (1927) • Great Depression(1929 ~ 1939) • Star Spangled Banner as National Anthem (1931) • World War II (1939 - 1945) • United Nations Established (1945) • Post-War Actions (1945 - 1950) • Marshall Plan (1948) • Berlin (1948) • NATO Established (1949) • Added Amendments (1900 - 1950)

3. Beginning of the 20th century • U.S. Galveston hurricane leaves an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 dead. According to the census, the nation's population is nearly 76 million (1900) • U.S. acquires Panama Canal Zone (1903) • Wright brothers make the first controlled, sustained flight in heavier-than-air aircraft at Kitty Hawk, N.C. (1903) • Roosevelt Corollary (Big Stick diplomacy, amends the Monroe doctrine): attacking any place in the Western hemisphere, effectively means attacking the USA • San Francisco earthquake leaves 500 dead or missing and destroys about 10 of the city (1906)

4. Map of Panama canal location (2010)

5. Map of Panama canal ship traffic (2010)

6. Seconds into the first airplane flight, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (17th December 1903)

7. WORLD WAR 1 From 28th July 1914 to 11th November 1918 Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, etc.) vs Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, etc.) Tension in Europe; there were two main coalitions in Europe: The Triple Entente (France, Russia, Britain) The Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) In June 1914 Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo, leading to a diplomatic crisis Austro-Hungary issued a ultimatum to Serbia, but eventually they attacked Serbia’s capital Belgrade Interlocking alliances of all the countries involved eventually led to all the major European powers with their colonial empires declare war and subsequent global scale war Map showing alliances in Europe at the brink of war (1914)

8. The belligerents Allied powers Central powers Forces: 25,248,321 1914 – 1918 Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria • Forces: 42,959,850 (4.7 million from U.S.) • 1914 – 1917 • France, Britain, Russia • 1915 – 1918 • Serbia, Belgium, Montenegro, Japan, Italy • 1916 – 1918 • Romania, Portugal, Hejaz • 1917-1918 • U.S.A., China, Greece, Siam

9. United states in world war 1 At the beginning of the war, United States tried to avoid conflict and broker a peace May 1915 German U-boat sank a British liner with 128 Americans among the dead, U.S. gave them a warning Germany invited Mexico to join the war as their ally, promising financing and southern U.S. land, this message was intercepted and Americans took it as casus belli German submarines sank seven U.S. merchant ships President Wilson called for war on Germany, U.S. congress declared war on 6th April 1917 U.S. never formally a member of the Allied Powers U.S. soldiers arriving to France at a rate of 10 000 a day, they were welcomed Americans helped mainly with the Hundred Days Offensive, although, their tactics weren’t particularly effective Treaties agreed on at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference Headlines after civilian ship sunk (top image) (1917) Headlines after U.S. declared war (bottom image) (1917)

10. President Wilson before Congress, announcing the break in official relations with the German Empire on (1917)

11. World War I propaganda poster "Weapons for Liberty – U.S.A. Bonds" calls on Boy Scouts to serve just like soldiers do (1918) World War I propaganda poster for enlistment in the US Army (1917)

12. CASUALTIES AND LOSSES ALLIED POWERS CENTRAL POWERS Military dead: 4,386,000 Military wounded: 8,388,000 Total: 12,774,000 KIA, WIA and MIA Civilian dead: 3,700,000 • Military dead: 5,525,000 • Military wounded: 12,831,500 • Total: 18,356,500 KIA, WIA and MIA • 116 000 of which from U.S. • Civilian dead: 4,000,000

13. USA POST-ww1 Government cancelled wartime contracts, ended the draft and started to bring home its troops from Europe There was no GI Bill or financial or educational benefits for veterans Inflation was high, companies and corporations reduced wages and let workers go to keep down operating costs Worker unions had grown during the war, workers protested 1919 massive wave of strikes, racial unrest and riots The public demanded a return to "normalcy“ Unlike the countries of Europe, the factories and home of the US had not been destroyed. Manufacturing, production and efficiency had increased through necessity during the war America had emerged as a world industrial leader and the US economy was booming, profits were increasingly high League of Nations (14 points by W. Wilson) Striking steel mill workers holding bulletins in Chicago, Illinois (1919)

14. 1st Woman U.S. House of Representatives • Jeannette Pickering Rankin was an American politician and women's rights advocate • The first woman to hold federal office in the United States, elected to the U.S. House of Representatives by the state of Montana in 1916, and again in 1940 • She was one of 50 House members, who opposed the war declaration of 1917, and the only member of Congress to vote against declaring war on Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbour in 1941 • She was instrumental in initiating the legislation that eventually became the 19th Constitutional Amendment, granting unrestricted voting rights to women Photo of Jeannette Pickering Rankin (1917)

15. United states prohibition Nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933. Causes: 19th century alcoholism, moral values Prohibition supporters: "drys“; Opponents: “wets” Brewing industries got shut down locally and then nationwide under the 18th Amendment Volstead Act set the rules and defined the types of alcoholic beverages that were banned Religious use of wine was allowed; Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law, but some states banned possession Criminal gangs gained control of liquor supply for many cities Prohibition ended with the ratification of the 21st Amendment, which repealed the 18th Amendment on December 5, 1933 Picture of removal of liquor during Prohibition (1920)

16. A Drunkards Progress. From “A glass with a friend” to “Crime” and “Suicide” (circa 1846)

17. First solo transatlantic flight 20th May 1927 Charles Lindbergh took off from Roosevelt Field across the Atlantic Ocean for Paris, France. His monoplane was loaded with 1 704 litres of fuel and weighed in total around 2 329 kg Flight time of about 33 1⁄2 hours, without radio He landed at Le Bourget Aerodrome at 10:22 p.m. on 21st May A crowd of around 150 000 people stormed the field, dragged Lindbergh out of the cockpit, and carried him around above their heads Some damage was done to the Spirit by souvenir hunters Charles Lindbergh and his plane, the Spirit of St. Louis (1927)

18. Great depression Severe economic crisis generally considered to have been started by the U.S. stock-market crash of 1929 Unexpected in its length and in the wholesale poverty and tragedy it inflicted on society. Nation’s productive capacity was greater than its capacity to consume Tariff and war-debt policies of the Republican administrations of the 1920s had cut down exports. Severe effects abroad (domino effect), especially in Europe In Germany, the economic disaster and resulting social dislocation contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler 1932 - 1933: 16 million unemployed, which was about one third of the available labour force National product declined since 1929 from $103,828,000,000 to $55,760,000,000 in 1933 Recovery in the early 1940s, as a result of World War II New Deal Photograph of the line for free coffee and doughnuts for the unemployed (1931)

19. Star Spangled Banner as National Anthem Official national anthem of the United States Francis Scott Key wrote the words to it in 1814 after seeing British ships attacking Fort McHenry in Baltimore during the War of 1812 National anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3, 1931 which was signed by President Herbert Hoover. The words are set to the music of a British drinking song called "To Anacreon in Heaven" The earliest surviving sheet music of "The Star-Spangled Banner“ (1814)

20. World war 2 From 1st September 1939 to 2nd September 1945 The Allies vs The Axis Deadliest conflict in all of human history Between 50 to 85 million people died, majority were civilians Massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease and the first use of nuclear weapons in history War in Asia began when the Empire of Japan invaded China in July 1937, U.S. placed oil embargo on Japan War in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 France and Britain reacted by declaring war on Germany By 1941, much of Europe was under German control, with mostly only Britain remaining In June 1941, the Axis Powers invaded the Soviet Union In December 1941 Japan attacked the Western colonies in the Pacific and the two wars became one Photo of soldiers in boats on D-Day, know as the invasion of Normandy (1944)

21. United states in world war 2 Between the beginning of the war and Pearl Harbour, President preparation an inevitable conflict In November 1939, Franklin D. Roosevelt persuaded Congress to repeal the arms embargo provisions of the neutrality law so that arms could be sold to France and Britain. After the fall of France in the spring of June 1940 major military build-up began providing to Britain America, Roosevelt declared, must become "the great arsenal of democracy." America's capacity to produce hundreds of thousands of tanks, airplanes, and ships for itself and its allies proved a crucial factor in Allied success Conferences: Tehran (1943) Yalta (February 1945) Potsdam (July 1945) United States poster encouraged enlistment used both in WW1 and WW2 (1917)

22. The belligerents The allies The axis 1937: Japan (Emperor Hirohito & Hideki Tojo) 1939: Germany (Adolf Hitler) 1940: Italy (Benito Mussolini) Total of circa 7 countries • 1937: • China (Chian Kai-Shek) • 1939: • France (Charles de Gaulle) • United Kingdom (Winston Churchill) • 1941: • Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) • United States (Franklin D. Roosevelt) • Total of circa 50 countries

23. Japan has already invaded China.Germany invades Poland on 1st September 1939 beginning the war

24. France, Britain and their colonies, aid Poland.The Soviet Union has non-aggressive pact with Germany

25. Germany invades Belgium to get to France and invades NorwaySeveral countries added to the Allies

26. Germany conquered France and advanced into AfricaThe Soviet Union conquered Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia)

27. Germany invades a part of the Balkan states (Albania, Bulgaria, Bosna & Herzegovina, etc.) and suffers minor losses in Africa

28. Germany conquers the Balkan states and suffers losses in Africa

29. Germany invades Soviet Union.The Soviet Union joins the Allies

30. Germany proceeds further into the Soviet Union’s territory.The Soviet Union takes lands to the south

31. Japan attacks Pearl Harbour on 7th December 1941. United States declare war on Japan on 8th December 1941 and the rest of the Allies follow

32. Japan have attacked Pearl Harbour (7th December 1941).United States have declared war on Japan (8th December 1941). The Allies declared war on Japan opening up new war fronts

33. Germany suffers major losses in Africa and pushes further into the Soviet Union’s territory.Japan begins expanding

34. Germany suffers losses in both the Southern and Eastern fronts

35. The Allies push against Germany on the Southern and Eastern fronts

36. The Allies invade Normandy (western France) during D-Day and push further into German territory. Japan suffers minor losses of land

37. The Allies free France, the Balkan states and most of the Baltic states.Japan suffers further losses

38. The Allies push into Poland and further into the Balkan and Baltic area.Japan starts to lose control of the Philippine sea

39. Germany unconditionally surrenders on 7 - 8th May 1945.Japan suffers further losses of territories

40. USA drops atomic bombs on 6th and 9th August 1945 on Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively

41. Japan surrenders on 2nd September 1945 marking the end of the war.Other forces refuse to surrender

42. The remaining forces surrender

43. Casualties and losses The allies The axis Military Dead: Over 8 000 000 Civilian Dead: Over 4 000 000 Total Dead: Over 12 000 000 • Military Dead: Over 16 000 000 • Circa 410 000 of which from USA • Civilian Dead: Over 45 000 000 • Circa 10 000 of which from USA • Total Dead: Over 61 000 000

44. United states post-ww2 Better economic condition than any other country in the world U.S. society became wealthier GI Bill of Rights passed in 1944 providing money for veterans to attend college, to purchase homes, and to buy farms Not all Americans participated equally in these expanding life opportunities and in the growing economic prosperity American Dream began excluding African Americans, Hispano Americans, etc. Within two years of the end of the war, new challenges and perceived threats had arisen to erode confidence By 1948, a new form of international tension had emerged -Cold War- between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies Top image: Newspaper headlines after Germany surrendered (1945).Bottom image: Newspaper headlines after Japan surrendered (1945)

45. United nations established After the War, the victors formed a new organization for world peace In June they signed the United Nations Charter saying how the organization would work Created on 24th October 1945 with the goal to promote international cooperation Replaced the League of Nations following World War II and to prevent another conflict When founded, UN had 51 Member State; now 193 UN goals: to keep world peace to help countries get along to improve living conditions for people all over the world and to make the world a better place The United States Signs United Nations Charter (1945)

46. Post-war actions Marshall Plan: Economic recovery in certain European countries after World War II U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall urged (June 5, 1947) that European countries decide on their economic needs so that material and financial aid from the United States could be integrated In April 1948, President Truman signed the act establishing the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) to administer the program: promote European production, to strengthen European currency, and to facilitate international trade and contain growing Soviet influence Over $12 billion was dispersed (1948–51) under the program. The Soviet Union strongly opposed the Marshall Plan Completed in 1952, greatly contributed to the economic recovery of Europe Berlin: Soviets begin blockade of East Berlin in the first major crisis of the cold war on 24th June 1948 In response, U.S. and Great Britain begin airlift of food and fuel to West Berlin 26th June 1948 Allied Occupation Zones in post-war Germany as of 8th June 1947 till 22nd April 1949 (1947)

47. Nato established 4th March 1947 the Treaty of Dunkirk was signed by France and the United Kingdom Truman’s doctrine In 1948, this alliance was expanded to include the Benelux countries, in the form of the Western Union, also referred to as the Brussels Treaty Organization (BTO) New military alliance which could also include North America resulted in the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4th April 1949 Its members in 1949 were: The United States Belgium the Netherlands Luxembourg France the United Kingdom Canada Portugal Italy Norway Denmark Iceland Expansion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in Europe (1949 - 2009)

48. Amendments added to the constitution • 17th Amendment: (1913) • Providing for the direct election of U.S. senators by popular vote rather than by the state legislatures • 18th Amendment: (1919) • Prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor (Prohibition of 1920). It is later repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933 • 19th Amendment: (1919) • Granting women the right to vote • 20th Amendment: (1933) • Sometimes called the “Lame Duck Amendment,”. Moved the president's inauguration date from 4th March to 20th January • 21st Amendment: (1933) • Repealing the 18th Amendment (Prohibition of 1920)

49. bibliography • https://www.infoplease.com/history-and-government/us-history-timeline/1900-1949 • https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/united-states-canada-and-greenland/us-history/great-depression • https://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1900.html • http://economics1800tonow.weebly.com/timeline-of-1900-1950s.html • http://archives.govt.nz/has/walter-nash-exhibition/american-timeline-1900-1968 • https://www.factmonster.com/1950-1999 • http://archive.defense.gov/home/features/2014/0614_WWI/timeline/042614hr.jpg • https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2017/03-04/world-war-i-united-states-enters/?user.testname=none • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1e_AZ3j2LbY