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American Foreign Policy : Up to 1917

Explore the dynamics of American foreign policy up to 1917, examining factors influencing decisions such as imperialism, westward expansion, commercial interests, and the roles of Democrats and Republicans. Delve into key events like Hawaii's annexation, the Spanish-American War, the Philippines insurgency, and the Panama Canal construction, while also highlighting significant doctrines like the Roosevelt Corollary, Dollar Diplomacy, and Wilson's Moral Diplomacy.

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American Foreign Policy : Up to 1917

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  1. American Foreign Policy : Up to 1917

  2. Republicans Like Imperialism Democrats Not in favor of Imperialism The View of the Two Political Parties

  3. Westward Expansion Commercial/Business Interests Military/Strategic Interests Social Darwinism – “The White Man’s Burden” Religious/Missionary Interests A. Reasons for U.S. Imperialism

  4. B. Hawaii • 1875 – Reciprocity Treaty: duty free access for Hawaiian sugar • 1890 – McKinley Tariff: no longer duty free sugar

  5. 1893 –American businessmen backed anuprising against Queen Liliuokalani and overthrew her government Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

  6. Sanford Dole:proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894 and asks the U.S. to annex the territory • Cleveland initially refuses • McKinley believes it is “Manifest Destiny” • Annexes HI in 1898

  7. Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

  8. The “Splendid Little War” Causes: Cuban desire for independence Am. Business Interests Yellow Journalism American Jingoism De Lôme Letter Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine C. The Spanish American War William Randolph Hearst Joseph Pulitzer

  9. War declared April 25, 1898 • Fought in the Caribbean and in the Philippines • Spain surrendered August 12 and signs Treaty of Paris (1898) • Cuba Gains “Independence” • U.S. gains control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines • Marked U.S. entry into world affairs

  10. Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”

  11. Cuban Independence? Teller (1898) and Platt (1903) Amendments 1. Cuba could not enter agreements with foreign nations that would risk their independence 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. 4. Cuba must not build up excessive debt Basically Cuba is a protectorate of the U.S.

  12. The American Anti-Imperialist League Founded in 1899. Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, and WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders Campaigned against the annexation of thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism

  13. D. The Philippines • The Filipinos expected independence • Began to fight against the U.S. • The Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

  14. Emilio Aguinaldo Leader of the Filipinouprising Over 200,000 Filipinos killed Ultimately unsuccessful for the Philippines

  15. E. China and Japan

  16. Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

  17. The Open Door Policy Secretary of State John Hay Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

  18. TheOpen Door Policy

  19. Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

  20. Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

  21. Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908 Agreement between Roosevelt and Japanese government Problems with segregation in schools and unlimited immigration in the U.S. Japanese agreed to deny passports to laborers entering the U.S. The U.S. government ordered San Francisco to end segregation of Asians in schools.

  22. F. Alaska • Bought by the U.S. in 1867 from Russia • Bought for $7.2 million • Thought to be “Seward’s Folly” • Until gold discovered in 1890

  23. G. Roosevelt Corollary • 1904: An addition to the Monroe Doctrine • U.S. had the right to intervene in any W. Hemisphere country where events were “harmful” to the U.S. • Justified U.S. intervention in Latin America

  24. U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920s

  25. “Speak softly and carry a big stick” The U.S. became increasingly assertive and took on the role of world policeman Big Stick Diplomacy

  26. Great White Fleet (1907-1909) • Circumnavigated the globe to show American military power

  27. Spanish-American War demonstrated a need for an Atlantic-Pacific connector Advantages to building the canal: Business saved $ when shipping goods Travel time between coasts reduced Allowed a military presence in Central America H. Panama Canal

  28. The Problem: Colombia said NO • Solution: Support Panamanian independence • 1904 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty: the U.S. received permanent rights to 10 miles of land for $10 million Construction Begins in 1904

  29. Building of the canal plagued with problems • Disease (yellow fever and malaria) • Landslides • Over 27,000 men died to build the 48 mile long canal • Opened August 15, 1914 Panama Canal

  30. I. Dollar Diplomacy • Taft becomes President in 1909 • President Taft’s economic policy for Latin America was “Substituting dollars for bullets”

  31. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Improve financialopportunities for American businesses. Use private capital tofurther U. S. interestsoverseas. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

  32. J. Moral Diplomacy • Wilson becomes President in 1913 • Democrat in office with a different point of view of foreign affairs • Appointed William Jennings Bryan as his Secretary of State

  33. Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” The U. S. shouldbe the conscienceof the world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn colonialism.

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