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Earthquake Hazards

Earthquake Hazards. M=6.2 in Peru, this morning. 3 M~5 earthquakes off of Vancouver, CA, this morning. Required for last third of class $25 at bookstore $16.50 at Amazon.com + free shipping if orders > $25 (otherwise $4.00 shipping). As of 8:00 this morning . . . Today.

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Earthquake Hazards

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  1. Earthquake Hazards

  2. M=6.2 in Peru, this morning

  3. 3 M~5 earthquakes off of Vancouver, CA, this morning

  4. Required for last third of class • $25 at bookstore • $16.50 at Amazon.com + free shipping if orders > $25 (otherwise $4.00 shipping)

  5. As of 8:00 this morning . . .

  6. Today

  7. Plates = Lithosphere:Rigid, Strong Asthenosphere: Weak, Flowing Paleos.com

  8. MOR SZ

  9. Fig.4.03 Plate Boundaries

  10. Fig.4.03 Earthquakes

  11. Fig.4.03 Plate Boundaries

  12. Fig.4.03 Earthquakes

  13. Earthquakes Rock Breaking

  14. Deformation change in shape, location (i.e., breaking, bending, translation)

  15. Source: unknown Stress = Force/Area  Causes Deformation

  16. More Deformation 

  17. More deformation

  18. More deformation Elastic Deformation = reversible Deformation  Permanent

  19. Yield Strength (Stress):Material breaks More deformation Elastic Limit (Yield Strength),characteristic of brittle failure Deformation  Permanent

  20. Brittle Deformation = Breaking Virtual Yosemite

  21. More deformation Ductile Deformation = Permanent Deformation  Permanent

  22. Ductile Deformation = Bending CTHulaCoffee.com

  23. Ductile Deformation = Bending Utah Bureau of Mines

  24. More deformation Fluid Deformation = Flowing Deformation  Permanent

  25. Fluid = Flowing

  26. Earthquake = Brittle failure

  27. Brittle/Ductile depends on: • Temperature

  28. Brittle/Ductile depends on: • Temperature • Pressure

  29. Brittle/Ductile depends on: • Temperature • Pressure • Rock type

  30. Quick Summary: Rocks • Rocks: aggregates of one or more minerals stuck together • Minerals: Naturally occurring solid compounds • Examples: Quartz, Calcite, Diamond, Graphite

  31. Brittle/Ductile depends on: • Temperature • Pressure • Rock type • Example: quartzite, granite  strong, brittle • Example: shale, rock salt --> weak, ductile

  32. Brittle/Ductile depends on: • Temperature • Pressure • Rock type • Strain Rate (rate of deformation) • Fast  brittle • Slow  ductile • Slowest  fluid

  33. Brittle/Ductile/Fluid: Silly Putty

  34. Brittle/Ductile depends on: • Temperature • Pressure • Rock type • Strain Rate (rate of deformation)

  35. Geotherm From John Wiley

  36. Rock deformation inside Earth: Deeper 15 – 20 km 250-450°C

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