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Introduction to Biotechnology

Introduction to Biotechnology. Modified by Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum Office June, 2002. Biotechnology. Biotechnology helps to meet our basic needs. Food, clothing, shelter, health and safety. Biotechnology. Improvements by using science

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Introduction to Biotechnology

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  1. Introduction to Biotechnology Modified by Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum Office June, 2002

  2. Biotechnology • Biotechnology helps to meet our basic needs. • Food, clothing, shelter, health and safety

  3. Biotechnology • Improvements by using science • Science helps in production plants, animals and other organisms

  4. Biotechnology • Also used in maintaining a good environment that promotes our well being

  5. Biotechnology • Using scientific processes to get new organisms or new products from organisms.

  6. Biotechnology • Large area • Includes many approaches and methods in science and technology

  7. Office of Tech Assessment Definition • Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals….

  8. Cont. • Or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.

  9. Agricultural View • All of the applied science based operations in producing food, fiber, shelter, and related products

  10. Agricultural View • Milk production • New horticultural and ornamental plants • Wildlife, aquaculture, natural resources and environmental management

  11. Multidisciplinary • Involves many disciplines or branches of learning • Includes all areas of Life Sciences

  12. Organismic Biotech • Working with complete, intact organisms or their cells • Organisms are not genetically changed with artificial means

  13. Organismic Biotech • Help the organism live better or be more productive • Goal – improve organisms and the conditions in which they grow

  14. Organismic Biotech • Study and use natural genetic variations • Cloning is an example of organismic biotech

  15. Cloning • Process of producing a new organism from cells or tissues of existing organism. • 1997 cloned sheep – “Dolly” in Edinburgh Scotland

  16. Molecular Biotech • Changing the genetic make-up of an organism • Altering the structure and parts of cells • Complex!

  17. Molecular Biotech • Uses genetic engineering, molecular mapping and similar processes

  18. Genetic Engineering • Changing the genetic information in a cell • Specific trait of one organism may be isolated,cut, and moved into the cell of another organism

  19. Transgenic • Results of Gen. Eng. Are said to be “transgenic” • Genetic material in an organism has been altered

  20. Biotech examples • Medicine • Agriculture • Environment • Forestry • Food and beverage processing

  21. Medicine • Some new developments delve into the hereditary material of humans known as gene therapy

  22. Medicine • Therapeutant - product used to maintain health or prevent disease • Biopharmaceuticals – drug or vaccine developed through biotechnology • Called designer drugs

  23. Medicine • Biopharming – production of pharmaceuticals in cultured organisms • Combination of the agriculture and pharmaceutical industries

  24. Medicine • Certain blood – derived products needed in human medicine can be produced in the milk of goats

  25. Environment • Any biotechnological process that may promote a good environment • Organisms developed during the gulf war to “eat” oil • Organism used in gold mining to “eat” contaminants

  26. Environmental • Problems naturally solved by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi break down contaminant into a form less harmful or not harmful

  27. Ag and Forestry • Plant biotech • Animal biotech

  28. Plant biotech • Improve plants and the products produced from them • Insect and disease resistance • Engineered to have desired characteristics

  29. Plant biotech • Corn plant produced with high levels of the amino acid Lysine

  30. Animal Biotech • Improve animals or the products they produce • Animals may be used to produce products that promote human health

  31. Animal Biotech • Increase productivity • Pigs engineered to produce human hemoglobin

  32. Food and Beverages • Use of technology in producing and processing • Some biotech principles have been employed for hundreds of years • Yeast in baking bread

  33. Food and Bev. • Genetically altered crops • rBGH milk

  34. Biotechnology • Helps meet human needs • Food, clothing and shelter • Plants and animals are used in manufacturing food, clothing and materials for shelter

  35. Biotechnology • Used to make products more useful or desirable • Ex: conversion of milk into cheese or yogurt

  36. Efficiency • Must keep the cost of improving products as low as possible • Biotech results in greater efficiency

  37. Efficiency • Inoculating legume seeds with bacteria that allow the plant to pull nitrogen out of the air and put it into the soil • Saves the producer the cost of applying N fertilizer

  38. Efficiency • Results in trees that grow faster and produce wood that is more desirable

  39. Greater Production • Increases yields • bST use in cows to produce more milk • Higher crop yields from drought, disease & insect resistant crops

  40. Health Promoting Foods • Food with unique traits • Some contain therapeutants • Some designed with nutrient enrichment

  41. Safety • Consumers want foods to provide needed nutrients and in some cases, enhanced foods • Do not want side effects from those enhanced foods

  42. Easy preparation • Flavr-Savr Tomato • Reached the market in early 1990’s • Engineered to have a longer shelf life

  43. Flavr-Savr • No soft spots • No rotten spots • Tomato resists spoilage

  44. Synthetic biology • Creating lifelike characteristics through the use of chemicals • Based on creating structures similar to those found in living organisms

  45. Synthetic Biology • Need for synthetic cells lead to the development of the vesicle • Vesicle – tiny rounded structure with cell like traits

  46. Vesicle • Tiny structures similar to soap bubbles were created to serve as the cell membrane • Visible only with powerful microscope

  47. Vesicle • Once the cell membrane has been successfully developed, development of the materials with the cell is initiated.

  48. Synthetic biology • Is important because it brings science closer to creating life in the lab • Cells and tissues may be developed to treat human injury and disease

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