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APES Bell Ringer

APES Bell Ringer. **Turn in any missing work from Tuesday-Friday of last week! Make sure to Include QUESTION and answer! . Miller Chapter 6.1-6.2 Atmosphere and Weather. AP Environmental Science. www.ai.mit.edu/people/jimmylin/pictures/2001-12-seattle.htm. Origin of Modern Atmosphere.

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APES Bell Ringer

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  1. APES Bell Ringer **Turn in any missing work from Tuesday-Friday of last week! Make sure to Include QUESTION and answer! 

  2. Miller Chapter 6.1-6.2Atmosphere and Weather AP Environmental Science www.ai.mit.edu/people/jimmylin/pictures/2001-12-seattle.htm

  3. Origin of Modern Atmosphere • Original atmosphere: Hydrogen and Helium • 2nd atmosphere evolved from gases from molten Earth • H2O, CO2, SO2, CO, S2, Cl2, N2, H2, NH3, and CH4 • Allowed formation of oceans and earliest life • Modern Atmosphere • evolved after Cyanobacteria started photosynthesizing • oxygen produced did not reach modern levels until about 400 million years ago www.degginger.com/digitalpage.html

  4. Continental Drift • ~230 million years ago • 1 giant landmass on Earth = Pangaea • As the continents moved toward their present-day locations the • Sea level dropped • Volcanoes erupted • Earth’s surface was pushed upward. • Effects on weather: • Drop in temperature and precipitation all over the Earth. These changes were gradual.

  5. Extinction of the Dinosaurs? Climate change = Extinction of the dinosaur? Plants extinct Dinosaurs that ate these plants became extinct  Meat-eating dinosaurs that depended on plant-eating dinosaurs died Other scientists believe that dinosaurs became extinct as the result of a giant asteroid striking the Earth 65 million years ago (many theories!)

  6. Earth’s Atmosphere • Compared to the size of the Earth (104 km), the atmosphere is a thin shell (120 km). • If the Earth was an orange, the atmosphere would be the pesticides on its peel http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/earth/pinatuboimages.htm

  7. AtmosphereLayers • Exosphere • Thermosphere • (Ionosphere) • Mesosphere • Stratosphere • Troposphere (closest to Earth)

  8. Troposphere • 8 to 14.5 kilometers high (5 to 9 miles) • Most dense • Temperature decreases as altitude increases • Weather is found here!

  9. Stratosphere • Extends to 50 kilometers (31 miles) high • Dry and less dense • Temperatures increase as altitude increases • Due to the absorption of ultraviolet radiation • Ozone layer absorbs and scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation • 99% of "air" is located in first two layers

  10. The Atmosphere • Mesosphere • very little atmosphere • coldest layer • Thermosphere • ionosphere • aurora borealis • hottest layer • 1000 C

  11. Atmospheric pressure (millibars) Temperature Pressure Mesopause Stratopause Tropopause 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 120 75 110 65 Thermosphere 100 90 55 80 45 70 Mesosphere 60 Altitude (miles) Altitude (kilometers) 35 50 Heating via ozone 40 25 Stratosphere 30 15 Ozone “layer” 20 Heating from the earth Troposphere 10 5 Pressure = 1,000 millibars at ground level 0 –80 –40 0 40 80 120 (Sea Level) Temperature (˚C)

  12. AtmosphereComposition • Nitrogen (N2, 78%) • Oxygen (O2, 21%) • Argon (Ar, 1%) • Variety of other very influential components are also present which include the Water (H2O, 0 - 7%), "greenhouse" gases or Ozone (O3, 0 - 0.01%), Carbon Dioxide (CO2, 0.01-0.1%),

  13. Review Questions What gas was originally not in the atmosphere? A. Carbon dioxide B. Water C. Oxygen D. Methane

  14. Review Questions The gas that composes 78% of the gases in the atmosphere is: A. Oxygen B. Nitrogen C. Carbon Dioxide D. Ozone

  15. Review Questions The atmosphere layer in which most of the weather occurs is the: A. Troposphere B. Stratosphere C. Mesosphere D. Thermosphere E. Exosphere

  16. Weather: A Brief Introduction • Weather  result of the atmospheric conditions in a particular area over short periods of time, typically over hours or days • EX: temperature, pressure, moisture content, precipitation, sunshine, cloud cover, and wind direction

  17. CLIMATE • Average pattern of weather for a particular region • LONG TERM

  18. OBJ 6.2

  19. Climate • 2 Main factors • Temperature • Precipitation • Amount • Distribution Factors that affect temperature: • Latitude • Elevation • Closeness to large bodies of water

  20. Closeness to Large Bodies of Water Water moderates the temperature creating cooler summers and warmer winters

  21. Elevation

  22. Short Term Changes in Climate Changes in ocean currents and global winds. Ocean currents help transfer heat to the atmospheregenerates global windshelp move ocean currents. Any major change in an ocean current can cause a change in climate El Nino!!! (We will discuss this at the end! )

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