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United Nations Charter: Goals, Principles, and Organization

This article provides an overview of the United Nations Charter, including its structure, goals, and principles. It explores the establishment of the United Nations as an international organization and highlights its role in maintaining peace, promoting cooperation, and protecting human rights.

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United Nations Charter: Goals, Principles, and Organization

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  1. Internationale Organisationen Kapitel IV: Die Vereinten Nationen (Allg. Fragen & Generalversammlung) Prof. Dr. Andreas Zimmermann, LL.M. (Harvard)

  2. Die Vereinten Nationen

  3. Aufbau der Charta (1) Vereinte Nationen Charta vom 26. Juni 1945 • Präambel • Kapitel I. Ziele und Grundsätze • Kapitel II. Mitgliedschaft • Kapitel III. Organe • Kapitel IV. Die Generalversammlung • Kapitel V. Der Sicherheitsrat • Kapitel VI. Friedliche Regelung von Streitigkeiten • Kapitel VII. Maßnahmen bei Bedrohung des Friedens, bei Friedensbrüchen und Angriffshandlungen • Kapitel VIII. Regionale Abkommen

  4. Aufbau der Charta (2) • Kapitel IX. Internationale Zusammenarbeit auf wirtschaftlichem und sozialen Gebiete • Kapitel X. Der Wirtschafts- und Sozialrat • Kapitel XI. Erklärung über Gebiete ohne Selbstregierung • Kapitel XII. Internationales Treuhandschafts-System • Kapitel XIII. Der Treuhandschaftsrat • Kapitel XIV. Der Internationale Gerichtshof • Kapitel XV. Das Sekretariat • Kapitel XVI. Verschiedene Bestimmungen • Kapitel XVII. Übergangs-bestimmungen, betreffend die Sicherheit • Kapitel XVIII. Änderungen • Kapitel XIX. Ratifikation und Unterzeichnung

  5. Rechtspersönlichkeit der VN ICJ, Reparation for injuries suffered in the service of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports, 1949, p. 174: […] This development culminated in the establishment in June 1945 of an international organization whose purposes and principles are specified in the Charter of the United Nations. But to achieve these ends the attribution of international personality is indispensable. […] In the opinion of the Court, the Organization was intended to exercise and enjoy, and is in fact exercising and enjoying, functions and rights which can only be explained on the basis of the possession of a large measure of international personality and the capacity to operate on the international plane. It is at present the supreme type of international organization, and it could not carry out the intentions of its founders if it was devoid of international personality. […] Accordingly, the Court has come to the conclusion that the Organization is an international person. (p. 179-180)

  6. Ziele und Grundsätze der VN

  7. Ziele der VN Article 1 The Purposes of the United Nations are: 1. To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace; 2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace; 3. To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and 4. To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.

  8. Grundsätze der VN (1) Article 2 The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following Principles. 1. The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members. 2. All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter. 3. All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.

  9. Grundsätze der VN(2) 4. All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. 5. All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action. 6. The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security. 7. Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII.

  10. Friendly-Relations Declaration “Friendly-Relations Declaration” (A/Res/2625[XXV] (1970)) “Every State has the duty to refrain in its international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. Such a threat or use of force constitutes a violation of international law and the Charter of the United Nations and shall never be employed as a means of settling international issues.”

  11. Die Organe der VN Die 6 Hauptorgane der UN, Art. 7(1) VN-Charta: • Generalversammlung (General Assembly) • Sicherheitsrat (Security Council) • Wirtschafts- und Sozialrat (Economic- and Social Council, ECOSOC) • Treuhandrat (Trusteeship Council) • Internationaler Gerichtshof (International Court of Justice) • Sekretariat (Secretariat)

  12. Mitgliedschaft in den VN (1) Article 4 1. Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations. 2. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

  13. Mitgliedschaft in den VN (2) ICJ, Competence of Assembly regarding admission to the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1950, p. 4 (8) „The text under consideration means that the General Assembly can only decide to admit upon the recommendation of the Security Council; it determines the respective roles of the two organs whose combined action is required before admission can be effected: in other words, the recommendation of the Security Council is the condition precedent to the decision of the Assembly by which the admission is effected.“

  14. Mitgliedschaft in den VN (3) Membership Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, (S/Res 777 (1992)) […]1. Considers that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations; and therefore recommends to the General Assembly that it decide that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the wok of the General Assembly.

  15. Beobachterstatus (1) Beobachterstatus = beschränkte Beteiligungsrechte für Nicht-Mitglieder: • Staaten (als solche anerkannt: Der heilige Stuhl (seit 1964) (obwohl Staatsqualität str.), Palästina) • Intergouvernementale Organisationen und Institutionen (z.B. EU, AU, Europarat, ICFC) • Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs) (nur ICRC und International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (A/49/747 (1994)) • Während Dekolonialisierung: Befreiungsbewegungen (z.B. South West Africa People‘s Organization (SWAPO), später alle Befreiungsbewegungen, die von AU oder der Arabischen Liga anerkannt wurden(A/Res/35/167 (1981); heute nicht mehr)

  16. Beobachterstatus (2) Rechte • Nicht explizit ausgestaltet, varriieren je nach Beobachter • Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relation with International Organizations of a Universal Character (1975) => nie in Kraft getreten • Teilnahme nur an Arbeit der GV, Hauptausschüssen und Konferenzen der GV • Maximal Rederecht, kein Abstimmungsrecht • Art. 32 UN-Charta (Beteiligung an Diskussionen des Sicherheitsrates, die eine Partei betreffen) und Art. 35(2) UN-Charta • Gewisse Privilegien und Immunitäten für die Missionen

  17. Beobachterstatus der EU (1) 1974: EG erhält Beobachterstatus (A/RES/3208(XXIX)) 2011: ‚Super-Observer‘-Status: gesonderte Partizipationsrechte der EU (A/65/L.64/Rev.1) (=> Vorbildcharakter für den Beobachterstatus anderer Regionalorganisationen)

  18. Beobachterstatus der EU (2) Auszug aus A/65/L.64/Rev.1: The representative of the European Union is • Allowed to be inscribed on the list of speakers among representatives of major groups, in order to make interventions • Invited to participate in the general debate of the General Assembly, taking into account the practice for participating observers • Permitted to have its communications […] circulated directly, […] as documents of the Assembly, meeting or conference; • Also permitted to present proposals and amendments agreed by the member States of the European Union • Allowed to raise points of order but not to challenge decisions of the presiding officer • Also allowed the right of reply regarding positions of the European Union

  19. Palästina 1974: Beobachterstatus als Befreiungsbewegung PLO (A/RES 32327(XXIX) 1988: Änderung zu Bezeichnung „Palestine“ (A/Res/43/177) 2011: Antrag auf Vollmitgliedschaft (noch nicht entschieden); aber Mitglied der UNESCO 29. November 2012 : Aufwertung zum Beobachterstaat (A/Res/67/19) (Stimmverteilung: 138-9-41)

  20. Die Generalversammlung

  21. Die Generalversammlung Kapitel IV: Die Generalversammlung (Art. 9-22) • Art. 9: Zusammensetzung • Art. 10-17: Aufgaben und Befugnisse • Art. 18-19: Abstimmung • Art. 20-22: Verfahren

  22. Zusammensetzung GV • Art. 9 VN-Charta: Jeder Staat durch seine Vertreter • Akkreditierung der Vertreter durch das Credentials Committee und die GV • Keine Akkreditierung der Vertreter Südafrikas zur Zeit der Apartheid President Bouteflika, President of the GA in 1974: “[the] General Assembly would in the same way reject the Credentials of any delegation authorized by the Government of South Africa to represent it, which is tantamount to saying in explicit terms that the General Assembly refuses to allow the delegation of South Africa to participate in its work”. (Records 2281the meeting, UN Doc. A/PV 2281, para. 76)

  23. Zuständigkeiten der GV (1) • Zuständigkeit zu Beratungen und Empfehlungen (Art. 10-14) • Zuständigkeit zu rechtsverbindlichen Beschlüssen, u.a. • Erlass einer Geschäftsordnung (Art. 21) • Aufnahme, Ausschluss und Suspendierung (zusammen mit SR) (Art. 4-6 UN-Charta) • Wahlen der nichtständigen Mitglieder des SR (Art. 23 Abs. 1 S. 3 und Abs. 2), des Wirtschafts- und Sozialrates (Art. 61), zusammen mit dem SR den Generalsekretär (Art. 97) und die Richter des IGH (Art. 4 IGH-Statut) • Einsetzung von Nebenorganen (Art. 22) • Budgetrecht (Art. 17) • Einholung von Rechtsgutachten (Art. 96)

  24. Zuständigkeiten der GV (2) Article 10 UN-Charter The General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations to the Members of the United Nations or to the Security Council or to both on any such questions or matters. Article 12 UN-Charter While the Security Council is exercising in respect of any dispute or situation the functions assigned to it in the present Charter, the General Assembly shall not make any recommendation with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security Council so requests.

  25. Zuständigkeiten der GV (3) Article 12 UN-Charter While the Security Council is exercising in respect of any dispute or situation the functions assigned to it in the present Charter, the General Assembly shall not make any recommendation with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security Council so requests.

  26. Verhältnis GV/SR (1) ICJ, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Report 2004, p. 148, para. 25-26 „[a] request for an advisory opinion is not in itself a ‚recommendation‘ by the General Assembly‘ with regard to [a]dispute or situation. […] Article 24 refers to a primary, not necessarily exclusive competence“.

  27. Verhältnis GV/SR (2) [Fortsetzung, Mauergutachten, para. 27] “As regards the practice of the United Nations, both the General Assembly and the Security Council initially interpreted and applied Article 12 to the effect that the Assembly could not make a recommendation on a question concerning the maintenance of international peace and security while the matter remained on the Council’s agenda […]. However, this interpretation has evolved subsequently.[…] In response to a question posed by Peru during the twenty-third session of the General Assembly, the Legal Counsel of the United Nations confirmed that the Assembly interpreted the words “is exercising the functions” in Article 12 of the Charter as meaning “is exercising the functions at this moment“ (General Assembly, Twenty-third Session, Third Committee, 1637th meeting, A/C.3/SR.1637, para 9).”

  28. Verhältnis GV/SR (3) ICJ, Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Report 2010, p. 420, para 40 „The fact that the situation in Kosovo is before the Security Council and the Council has exercised its Chapter VII powers in respect of that situation does not preclude the General Assembly from discussing any aspect of that situation, including the declaration of independence. The limit which the Charter places upon the General Assembly to protect the role of the Security Council is contained in Article 12 and restricts the power of the General Assembly to make recommendations following a discussion, not its power to engage in such a discussion.“

  29. Verhältnis GV/SR (4) [Fortsetzung] „[…] the Court noted that there has been an increasing tendency over time for the General Assembly and the Security Council to deal in parallel with the same matter concerning the maintenance of international peace and security and observed that it is often the case that, while the Security Council has tended to focus on the aspects of such matters related to international peace and security, the General Assembly has taken a broader view, considering also their humanitarian, social and economic aspects.“ (para. 41)

  30. Verhältnis GV/SR (5) „Uniting for Peace“ (A/RES/377(V) A (1950)) 1. Resolves that if the Security Council, because of lack of unanimity of the permanent members, fails to exercise its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security in any case where there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression, the General Assembly shall consider the matter immediately with a view to making appropriate recommendations to Members for collective measures, including in the case of a breach of the peace or act of aggression the use of armed force when necessary, to maintain or restore international peace and security. If not in session at the time, the General Assembly may meet in emergency special session within twenty-four hours of the request therefor. Such emergency special session shall be called if requested by the Security Council on the vote of any seven members, or by a majority of the Members of the United Nations;

  31. Verhältnis GV/SR (6) ICJ, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Report 2004, p. 148, para. 30 30. The procedure provided for by that resolution is premised on two conditions, namely that the Council has failed to exercise its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security as a result of a negative vote of one or more permanent members, and that the situation is one in which there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression. The Court must accordingly ascertain whether these conditions were fulfilled as regards the convening of the Tenth Emergency Special Session of the General Assembly, in particular at the time when the Assembly decided to request an advisory opinion from the Court.

  32. Verhältnis GV/SR (7) [Mauergutachten, Fortsetzung, para. 33] 33. Turning now to alleged further procedural irregularities of the Tenth Emergency Special Session, the Court does not consider that the "rolling" character of that Session, namely the fact of its having been convened in April 1997 and reconvened 11 times since then, has any relevance with regard to the validity of the request by the General Assembly

  33. Verhältnis GV/SR (8) [Mauergutachten, Fortsetzung, para. 34] 34. The Court also notes the contention by Israel that it was improper to reconvene the Tenth Emergency Special Session at a time when the regular session of the General Assembly was in progress. The Court considers that, while it may not have been originally contemplated that it would be appropriate for the General Assembly to hold simultaneous emergency and regular sessions, no rule of the Organization has been identified which would be thereby violated, so as to render invalid the resolution adopting the present request for an advisory opinion.

  34. Verhältnis GV/SR (9) • ICJ, Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Report 2010, p. 421, para. 44 44. […] the purpose of the advisory jurisdiction is to enable organs of the United Nations and other authorized bodies to obtain options from the Court which will assist them in the future exercise of their functions. […] the fact that, hitherto, the declaration of independence has been discussed only in the Security Council and that the organ which has taken action with regard to the situation in Kosovo does not constitute a compelling reason for the Court to refuse to respond to the request from the General Assembly.”

  35. Abstimmungsmodalitäten GV (1) Article 18 UN-Charter • Each member of the General Assembly shall have one vote. • Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. These questions shall include: recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security, the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the election of the members of the Economic and Social Council, the election of members of the Trusteeship Council in accordance with paragraph 1 (c) of Article 86, the admission of new Members to the United Nations, the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership, the expulsion of Members, questions relating to the operation of the trusteeship system, and budgetary questions.

  36. Abstimmungsmodalitäten GV (2) Art. 18 UN-Charter 3. Decisions on other questions, including the determination of additional categories of questions to be decided by a two-thirds majority, shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting.

  37. Hauptausschüsse • Erster Ausschuss: Political and Security Committee + Special Political Committee (zur Entlastung des Ersten Ausschusses) • Zweiter Ausschuss: Economic and Financial Committee • Dritter Ausschuss: Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee • Vierter Ausschuss: Trusteeship Committee • Fünfter Ausschuss: Administrative and Budgetary Committee • Sechster Ausschuss: Legal Committee

  38. Weitere Ausschüsse • Verfahrensausschüsse • General Committee • Credentials Committee • Ständige Ausschüsse • Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions • Committee on Contributions (zur Ausarbeitung des Verteilungsschlüssels)

  39. Sonstige Hilfsorgane (Subsidiary, Ad Hoc, Related Bodies) Z.B. • Special Committee on Peace-keeping Operations • Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space • Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination • International Law Commission • United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)

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