Final Exam Review

1. Final Exam Review • Methodology • Sleeping • Dreaming • Brain & neurons • Motivation • Learning EXAM 1 EXAM 2 EXAM 3 • Perception • Attention • Memory • Problem Solving • Language & Development • Cognitive & Social Development • Attitudes • Conformity & Obedience • Aggression AFTER EXAM 3 • Abnormality and Therapy

2. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Methodology

3. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING METHODS • Observation vs. Experimentation • Experimental control • Hypotheses • Independent and Dependent variables • Operational definition • Sample and population • Random sampling • Case studies

4. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING METHODS • The Power of Experiments • Control condition • Matched groups • Random assignment, within-subject comparison • External validity • Demand characteristics • Double Blind Study

5. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING METHODS • Measurement • Central tendency • mean, median, mode • Variability • Variance, standard deviation • Correlation and significance level • Correlation coefficients (-1 to 1) • Normal distributions

6. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Sleeping & Dreaming

7. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Theories FOR Necessity of Sleep • Motivation/Crummy feeling • Energy conservation • Restorative • Memory consolidation • Hallucination argument • REM recovery • Health involvement

8. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Arguments Against Necessity of Sleep • Deprivation/human & animal • Exceptional sleepers • Dement study • Limited REM recovery • Programmatic reduction • Cats in a puddle • Adaptive theory

11. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Dreaming • Freud psychoanalytic theory: Id’s opportunity to express repressed desires, mental conflict • Id, ego, superego • Latent, manifest, remembered dreams • Symbolism, forgetting • Hall/Cartwright: dream series • Hobson: Activation-Synthesis hypothesis • Wilson: rat maze learning, consolidation of memories

12. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Brain & Neurons

13. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING The Brain • Mechanist view of behavior • Kinesis, taxis, reflex • The Neuron and Action Potential • Cephalization

14. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Braightenberg’s Vehicles

15. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING The Brain: Organizing Principles • Localization of Function • Phineas Gage • Wernike’s aphasia and Broca’s Aphasia • Topographic Projection • All or none law

16. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Motivation

17. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Maslow’s Hierarchy • We need to satisfy lower level needs before progressing • Exhibits partial priority ordering • Arguable

18. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Basic Model of Motivation • Drive: To take care of biological self • Dual Output Regulation (Canon and Bernard) • A variable environment vs. constant environment • Where did our ancestors come from?

19. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Negative Feedback Loop • Input, regulator, set point, output

20. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Autonomous Nervous System • Sympathetic: • Arousal • Emergency response • Parasympathetic: • Long term energy storage

21. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING The Psychological and Physiological Aspects • Two consequences: • H for HOMEOSTASIS and HYPOTHALAMUS • Know Examples! • Thirst • Cold • Hunger • Next Slide

22. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Hunger • Two parts of the Hypothalamus: • Lateral – Senses hunger • Ventromedial – Senses fullness • Fat cell Hypothesis • Fat cells established during infancy • Releases: • Leptin– to indicate fullness • NPY – to indicate hunger/appetite

23. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Hunger (cont.) • Glucose/Glycogen • Glucose  Glycogen – for storage when full • Glycogen  Glucose – for fuel when hungry • Some animals have “fuel tank indicators”

24. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Hunger (still cont.) • Externality Hypothesis (Schacter) • Some people are more sensitive to bodily cues • Obese people are less sensitive than non-obese • Liquid diet exp., Yom Kipper fasting study • Restrained vs. Nonrestrained eaters • Restrained will intake much more upon breaking

25. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Yerkes Dodson Law • There is this “best” level of arousal for performance (too low/high reduces it) • High arousal levels = higher performance if… • The task becomes easier • You are more experienced • Presence of observers • Think roaches

26. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Need for Achievement • Another higher level motivation • TAT projective tests • People vary their levels of motivation to complete a task • Motive is relative to the goals they set themselves

27. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Emotions • James-Lange Theory • Relation between the stimulating event, bodily arousal, and perceived emotion • “All emotion is derived from the presence of a stimulus, which evokes a physiological response” • Wikepedia <3

28. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Emotions (cont.) • Schacter Singer Experiment • Model of emotional experience based on cognitive labels in response to physiological excitation

29. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Learning

30. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING • Pavlov's classical conditioning • Thorndike's law of effect and Skinner's operant conditioning • Evaluation of behaviorism • Other perspectives

31. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING classical conditioning Extinction LTP

32. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING operant conditioning • Reinforcement and punishment • Schedules --- 4 types

33. METHODOLOGY SLEEPING & DREAMING BRAIN & NEURONS MOTIVATION LEARNING Other learning perspectives • E.g. Observational learning--- bobo doll experiment • “Smart” learning The Power Law of Practice RT = aP-b + c

34. Final Exam Review • Methodology • Sleeping • Dreaming • Brain & neurons • Motivation • Learning EXAM 1 EXAM 2 EXAM 3 • Perception • Attention • Memory • Problem Solving • Language & Development • Cognitive & Social Development • Attitudes • Conformity & Obedience • Aggression AFTER EXAM 3 • Abnormality and Therapy

35. PERCEPTION ATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING Perception

36. PERCEPTION ATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING Perception: Audition • 20-20,000 Hz = normal range • Most speech sounds occur in central range (most sensitive) • Transduction from physical signal  neural signal occurs at basilar membrane • Frequency (Volley) theory: frequency of the AP tells the actual frequency in the real world (problem: AP can only fire ~ 1000 times/sec.) • Place theory: location of the depolarizing hair cells on the basilar membrane tells the frequency of the sound in the real world

37. PERCEPTION ATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING Vision • Duplex theory of vision: rods vs. cones in retina • Very wide intensity range • Lateral inhibition (originally studied with Limulus, the horseshoe crab) • Feature detectors (bottom up): frog and cat examples • Simple cortical cells respond to bars of light (or darkness) surrounded by darkness (or light) in a particular orientation • They seem to be made up of a line of circularly oriented retinal ganglion cells connecting to a brain cell

39. PERCEPTION ATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING Top Down vs. Bottom Up Processing • Top down using information that you already know and having it help you interpret new information…just like finishing someone else's sentences…coming at with assumptions • Bottom upstartwith what you actually see…take in sensory information and then make perceptions

40. PERCEPTIONATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING Attention

41. Late Selection PERCEPTIONATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING Attention as a Bottleneck Early Selection Cocktail Party Effect Filter Theory (in class demo, gorilla movie) Attenuation Theory* (in class demo) Late Selection Theory (pennies at the bank) Spotlight Theory of Attention

42. PERCEPTIONATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING Early Selection vs. Late Selection

43. PERCEPTION ATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING Memory

44. PERCEPTION ATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING Ebbinghaus • Recall • Recognition • Savings

45. PERCEPTION ATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING Serial Position Effect

46. PERCEPTION ATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING Sperling and Sensory Memory • Whole Vs. Partial Report • Rapid Decay • Backward Mask • Iconic Memory • Large Capacity • Short Duration

47. PERCEPTION ATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING

48. PERCEPTION ATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING Studies to Rememer • Peterson & Peterson • Decay • Waugh & Norman • Interference • Sternberg • Memory Scanning

49. PERCEPTION ATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING Baddeley: Model of Working Memory

50. PERCEPTION ATTENTION MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVING Visuo-spatial Sketchpad