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Accessory organs (pancreas, liver, & gallbladder)

Accessory organs (pancreas, liver, & gallbladder). Liver Reddish-brown, ~3.3lb 4 lobes: left, right, caudate, quadrate Hepatocytes: liver cells that secrete bile into the common bile duct (duodenum) or the cystic duct (gallbladder) Gallbladder

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Accessory organs (pancreas, liver, & gallbladder)

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  1. Accessory organs (pancreas, liver, & gallbladder) • Liver • Reddish-brown, ~3.3lb • 4 lobes: left, right, caudate, quadrate • Hepatocytes: liver cells that secrete bile into the common bile duct (duodenum) or the cystic duct (gallbladder) • Gallbladder • pear-shaped organ; functions in storage of concentrated bile • Pancreas • Exocrine function: secretes pancreatic juice into small intestines • Pancreatic juice includes buffers to increase pH of chyme • Pancreatic enzymes • Lipase • Amylase • Proteases

  2. Function of the liver • Metabolic regulation: monitor levels of nutrients in blood from digestive tract • Hematological regulation: removes aged and damaged RBCs, debris and pathogens from circulation • Bile production: bile salts emulsify lipids into small droplets for absorption

  3. Clinical note: Liver disease • Cirrhosis: fibrous (scar) tissue replaces healthy tissue • Alcoholism • Hepatitis A & C : viral infections • Symptoms: jaundice, liver failure, etc…

  4. The large intestine • Horse-shoe shaped, from end of ileum to anus (~5ft) • Functions: • Water absorption • Vitamin absorption • Compaction and storage of feces • 3 sections • Cecum: compaction; attached to appendix • Colon: 4 segments (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid) • Rectum: temporary storage of feces • Internal anal sphincter (involuntary) • External anal sphincter (voluntary)

  5. Clinical note: colon cancer • Polyps form in colon and become malignant • Second most common form of cancer • Prevention and early detection can save your life!!

  6. Digestion and absorption • Carbohydrates: salivary amylase begins breakdown; continued by pancreatic amylase in small intestine; form simple sugars which are transported into the bloodstream via the liver. • Lipids: triglyceride emulsified into small droplets; bile salts from micelles which are then transported into the bloodstream • Protein: HCl and digestive enzymes (proteases) break proteins into single amino acids which are absorbed into the bloodstream

  7. Clinical note: Lactose intolerance • Inability to breakdown lactose (lipid in milk) • At adolescence, lactase production can decrease/stop • Causes digestive problems • Possible treatments: probiotics

  8. Digestion and absorption • Water & Electrolytes: water flows from high to low [C] of water; easily moves into surrounding tissues to maintain osmotic equilibrium • Vitamins: fat-soluble (A,D, E and K) absorbed in micelles; water-soluble (B vitamins and vitamin C) are easily absorbed by epithelium (vitamin B12 needs intrinsic factor)

  9. Aging & the digestive system • Epithelium becomes thinner as division rate of stem cells decreases • Smooth muscle tone decreases making contractions weaker • Cumulative damage from exposure to toxins, etc… (i.e. liver disease, tooth decay) • Increase in cancer rate • Domino effect from other systems (i.e. dental health or dietary change)

  10. homework • Chapter Objectives 1-5 (p. 515) • Vocabulary: mucosa; submucosa; muscularisexterna; serosa; peristalsis • Due: Wednesday, 4/10 • Chapter Objectives 6-11 • Due: Monday, 4/15 • Chapter 16 Test: Monday, 4/15

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