Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange

1. Key Concept 4.1 Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange The Eastern and Western Hemispheres Connect

2. New Global Circulation Begins • New global circulation of goods • Intensification of all existing regional trade networks • Brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and governments in the trading regions of the: • Indian Ocean • Mediterranean • Sahara  • And overland Eurasia.

3. European Technological Developments • Developments in cartography and navigation • Built on previous knowledge developed in the classical,Islamic, and Asian worlds • New tools: • Astrolabe • Revised maps • Innovations in ship designs: • Caravels • Improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns

4. Official Chinese maritime activity expanded into the Indian Ocean region with the naval voyages led by Ming Admiral Zheng He, which enhanced Chinese prestige.

5. Portuguese development of a school for navigation led to increased travel to and trade with West Africa, and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire.

6. Spanish sponsorship of the first Columbian and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.

7. Northern Atlantic crossings for fishing and settlements continued and spurred European searches for multiple routes to Asia. • In Oceania and Polynesia, established exchange and communication networks were not dramatically affected because of infrequent European reconnaissance in the Pacific Ocean.

8. European Monopoly Companies and Regional Markets • European merchants’ role in Asian trade was characterized mostly by transporting goods from one Asian country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region. • Commercialization and the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the Americas. • Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used by European rulers to control their domestic and colonial economies and by European merchants to compete against one another in global trade. • The Atlantic system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and free and unfree laborers, and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples.

10. The Columbian Exchange • European colonization of the Americas led to spread of diseases (smallpox, measles, influenza...) • These were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere among Amerindian populations  • Unintentional transfer of vermin, including rats and mosquitoes

11. The Columbian Exchange Plants, animals, and micro-organisms of Afroeurasia were exchanged with those of the Americas across the oceans.

12. The Columbian Exchange • Discovery of American foods • Potatoes • Maize • Manioc • Cash crops • Tobacco • Sugar • Domesticated animals • Horses  • Pigs • Cattle • Foods brought by African slaves • Okra • Rice • Populations benefited nutritionally • Physical environment affected through deforestation and soil depletion

13. Spread and Reform of Religions • Islam spread to new settings in Afro-Eurasia • Split between Sunni and Shi'a intensified • Sufi practices became more widespread • Christianity continued to spread throughout the world • Increasingly diversified by the process of diffusion and theReformation. • Buddhism spread within Asia

14. Syncretic and New Forms of Religion • Vodun in the Caribbean • The cults of saints in Latin America • Sikhism in South Asia

15. Innovations in Visual and Performing Arts • Renaissance art in Europe • Miniature paintings in the Middle East and South Asia • Wood-block prints in Japan • Post-conquest codices in Mesoamerica

16. Literacy-> Literature Expanded • Shakespeare • Cervantes • Sundiata • Journey to the West • Kabuki

17. Key Concept 4.2 New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production

18. Peasant Labor Intensified

19. Slavery • Slavery in Africa continued both the traditional incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. • The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas.

21. Forms of Coerced Labor • Chattel slavery • Indentured servitude • Encomienda and hacienda systems • The Spanish adaptation of the Inca mit'a

22. New Political and Economic Elites • The Manchusin China • Creole elites in Spanish America • European gentry • Urban commercial entrepreneursin all major port cities in the world 

23. Existing Elites • Power of existing elites fluctuated as they confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of theincreasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. • Thezamindars in the Mughal Empire • The nobility in Europe • The daimyo in Japan

24. Gender and Family Restructuring • Demographic changes in Africa that resulted from slave trade • Male population declined. Polygamy increased. • The dependence of European men on Southeast Asian women for conducting trade in that region • The smaller size of European families

25. New Ethnic and Racial Classifications • Mestizo • Mulatto • Creole

26. Key Concept 4.3 State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

27. Arts as Displays of Political Power • Monumental architecture • Urban design • Courtly literature • The visual arts

28. Religious Ideas to Legitimize Rule • European notions of divine right • Safavid use of Shiism • Mexica or Aztec practice of human sacrifice • Songhay promotion of Islam • Chinese emperors' public performance of Confucian rituals

29. Differential Treatment of Ethnic and Religious Groups • Ottoman treatment of non-Muslim subjects • Manchu policies toward Chinese • Spanish creation of a separate “República de Indios”

30. Bureaucratic Elites, Military Professionals • Recruitment and use of ^ became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources. • Ottoman devshirme • Chinese examination system • Salaried samurai  • Tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue forterritorial expansion

31. Imperial Expansion • Europeans established new trading-post empires in Africa and Asia • Proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in newglobal trade networks • Affected power in the states in interior West and Central Africa

32. Land Empires...increased dramatically in size.

33. New Maritime Empires in Americas

34. Competition Over Trade Routes • Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean • Piracy in the Carribean

35. State Rivalries • Thirty Years War • Ottoman-Safavid Conflict

36. Local Resistance • Food riots • Samurai revolts • Peasant uprisings