Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange

1. Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange Key Concept 4.1

2. Outline • European Exploration Expands • Advances in technology • The impact of Christianity • Trade • Eastern Europe and China expanding regional trade • The Role of Portugal and Spain in European Exploration • Geography • Portugal’s Henry the Navigator • Christopher Columbus and Spain • The Columbian Exchange • What is it? • Effects of the Columbian Exchange • Latin American society • The Economy of the Atlantic World • Thirteen Colonies • Triangular trade and Mercantilism • Continuities in Global Networks of Exchange • The Renaissance

3. European Exploration Expands • Advances in technology • Caravel and lateen sail • Nina and Pinta • Compass • Cartography • Astrolabe • These contributed to the Europeans being able to make transoceanic voyages!

4. The Impact of Christianity • The marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile in Spain united two kingdoms in Spain. This contributed to the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula. • The reconquest of former Spanish territory from the Muslims (also expelled the Jews). • Wanted to spread their gospel to new areas. • Spain, Portugal, and France offered incentives to missionaries willing to spread the Roman Catholic faith. • Catholic missionaries responded to the Protestant Reformation by viewing Muslims and Protestant as competitors for the world’s souls. • Catholic monarchs felt a need to evangelize the world before Protestants could.

5. Trade • The flow of silk, technology, and spices from Asia still increasing wealth in Europe. • Regional trade intensified. • North Atlantic crossing for fishing settlements continued and spurred searches for more routes to Asia. • They wanted to increase wealth by trading with the Americas.

6. Trade • European monarchs chartered private companies to take silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for Atlantic markets. • East India Company • Commercialization and creation of a global economy can be traced back to the global circulation of silver!

7. Eastern Europe • Russia • Geographic disadvantages • Icy conditions hampered Artic Ocean route to East Asia • Focused on expanding land empire • Other Eastern European nations • Landlocked • Disorganized government and economic system

8. China • Admiral Zheng He, 15th Century (Ming Dynasty) • Chinese Muslim • Commanded three ‘treasure voyages’ as a show of Chinese might (and curiosity) around the Indian Ocean Zheng He’s ships up to 400 feet long • Columbus’s biggest ship, the Santa Maria, was 70. • Brought back other treasures from Africa and India • After 28 years, Ming advisers decided China was the greatest kingdom in the world and withdrew the fleet.

9. Portugal and Spain • Geography • Iberian Peninsula juts far into Atlantic Ocean • Portugal proximate to Africa • Italy’s geographic location • Portugal and Spain wanted to bypass Italian control of trade between East and West • Searching for alternative routes to Asia • Portugal went around the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa in 1488 • Spain went west, across the Atlantic, to the Americas

10. Prince Henry the Navigator • Repopulated a village called Vila do Infante • Located on the southwesternmost point of Iberia with sea access to Atlantic and Mediterranean • Sponsored voyages down African coast looking for a route to the Indies • Hired cartographers to chart the coast, the Madeira Islands, and the Azores Islands • 1488-1498 Portugese and Arab merchants interacted in Indian Ocean • Vasco de Gama • 1498, made it to India

11. Portugal • Brazil • Pedro Cabral founded the colony in 1500 • Settled in 1532 by Portugese nobles • First colony based on plantation economy

12. Christopher and Columbus and Spain • According to the Post-Classical world, the only land mass on the planet was Afro-Eurasia. Logically, sailing west would take you straight into Asia (hopefully China!). • Columbus’s three G’s: “God, gold, and glory”! • Jesuits, Dominicans, and Franciscans established churches and missions (first town in modern-day America established around a Catholic mission—St. Augustine, FL) • Columbus sailed in 1492 and landed in Cuba and surrounding islands—”West Indies” • Again in 1493, established a Spanish colony in Santa Domingo. • Puerto Rico, Cuba, Panama, and northern coast of South America • The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in 1494 • Papal decree granting Spain the right to rule colonies in the Americas • Drew imaginary line around the globe to divide Spain and Portugal endeavors • In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan started his journey of circumnavigating the globe.

13. Cortez and the Aztecs • Hernan Cortez, 15th century Spaniard conquered the Aztecs. HOW DID HE DO THAT? • Indian allies among native people who had been conquered by Aztecs • The legend of Quetzalcoatl • Spanish weaponry • Malinche/Dona Marina • Smallpox • Tenochtitlan burned to the ground in 1521 and a new capital, Mexico City, was established

14. The incas • Franciso Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in 1535 • The Incas were already weakened by internal conflicts • From there, the Spanish sent expeditions from northern Mexico to as far as modern-day Kansas searching for mythical cities of gold • Francisco de Coronado • Campaigns led to establishment of Chile and Buenos Aires • By late 16th century there were over 200 urban centers in America

15. The Columbian Exchange • The transfer of animals, plants, diseases and people that resulted from contacts between Europeans and Amerindians. • Named after Christopher Columbus • Two-way exchange

16. Effects of Columbian Exchange

17. Latin American Society • Blend of European, African, and Native American cultures • Food, faith, family structure, and racial identities all affected by these contacts throughout the centuries • Took on hierarchal structure: • Peninsulares • Criollos(creoles) • Mestizos • Mulats (mulattos) • Patriarchal families • Women expected to devote themselves to traditional household and childrearing • Lower class women worked in fields and managed small business • Could control dowries and inherit property

18. The Economy of the Atlantic World • Wait….what’s the Atlantic World? • Really, it’s the interaction of four continents on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean: • North America • South America • Europe • Africa • This includes Latin America • England, France, the Netherlands, Spain, and Portugal established colonies in the Americas and held islands in the Caribbean with sugar plantations • They were all competitors in the global market!!

19. The Economy of the Atlantic World • Thirteen colonies • “Colonial backwater” • Biggest economic contribution: FISH! • Cape Cod

20. Triangular trade • Sugar, rum, and cod shipped to Europe and exchanged for silver • Silver shipped to Africa and exchanged for slaves • Slaves sent to Americas—The Middle Passage

21. Mercantilism • Growth of trade and commerce fostered the growth of capitalism—economic system based on the private ownership of property and on investments with the hope of profit • Mercantilism is a nationalist form of early capitalism with the purpose of building a wealthy and powerful state • Ex: Spanish drive for silver increased their wealth and prestige globally • Adam Smith coined the term “mercantile system” to describe system in which nation-states enrich themselves by restraining imports and encouraging exports • Goal was to achieve a ‘favorable balance of trade’—bring gold and silver into the country and maintain domestic employment A nation-state is a political unit that governs ppl who share a common culture (and language), has definite geographic boundaries, and enjoys sovereignty.

22. Continuities in Global Networks of Exchange

23. The Renaissance, “Rebirth” • Started on Italian peninsula • Changes and tensions relieved in early 15th century • Contact with Arab culture stimulated interest • Revived interest in Roman and Greek arts and literature • Famous noble families (Medici) grown wealthy as merchants and became patrons of the arts • ‘Renaissance man’ multifaceted and talented man • Artists of the time were masters of perspective and realism • Notable artists: • Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa, The Last Supper) • Michelangelo • Donatello • Johannes Gutenburg started the printing revolution in 1456 by printing the first complete edition of the Bible • Mass production makes products cheaper • Increased literacy and knowledge • Helped fuel religious turmoil