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Metadata and Electronic Publications

Metadata and Electronic Publications. T.B. Rajashekar National Centre for Science Information Indian Institute of Science Bangalore – 560 012 (raja@ncsi.iisc.ernet.in).

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Metadata and Electronic Publications

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  1. Metadata and Electronic Publications T.B. RajashekarNational Centre for Science InformationIndian Institute of ScienceBangalore – 560 012(raja@ncsi.iisc.ernet.in) Prepared for presentation in the Workshop on 'Electronic Publishing of Scientific Information‘, Organized by the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, 13-15 March 2002

  2. Electronic Publishing - Context • Levels of EP: • Desktop publishing (individual workstations. Ex. Word, PDF, PS) • Network publishing • Intranets (Ex. Organization/ Department websites) • Internet (Ex. Electronic journals) • E-Journals publishing: Stakeholders • Publishers, authors, users, libraries, subscription agents, aggregators…

  3. Publisher Content management (workflow, quality…) Subscription/ payment management Rights management Bibliographic control & resource discovery Preservation Linking, sharing, exchange User/ Library Resource discovery (search, identify, locate, access) Access management Reference linking Resource sharing Seamless access – bibliographic – fulltext Gateway services Perpetual access E-Journals Publishing: Some Key Issues

  4. Metadata is key for: Content management, Content Organization,Bibliographic Control, Resource discovery, Rights Management,Access Management, Preservation,Linking and data exchange

  5. What is Metadata? • Data about data - Digitalspeak for what librarians have been doing much before the Internet – surrogates, catalogs • A metadata record consists of a set of attributes, or elements, necessary to describe the resource in question • Structured information • Describes, explains, locates an information resource • Makes it easier to retrieve, use or manage an information resource

  6. What Does Metadata Describe? • papers, articles • information pages • images • sound • collections • user profiles • Spatial data ...Digital and physical manifestations

  7. Content publishing & access workflow

  8. Catalog Server Author: …Title: ….Subject: …Source type: …Format: ……. META DATA Author: …Title: ….Subject: …Source type: …Format: ……. Documents Audio Video Database Author: …Title: ….Subject: …Source type: …Format: ……. Object Server Print sources

  9. Types of Metadata • Different types of metadata • Descriptive • Purpose: Resource discovery and identification • Ex.: Title, abstract, author, URL, keywords, etc. • Administrative & Rights Management • Purpose: Help manage a resource • Ex.: Who created and when, who can access, etc. • Structural metadata • Purpose: Document structure • Ex.: Chapter, section, paragraph

  10. Metadata Example: E-Journal Gateway ServiceContext: Library in an academic intranetIssue: How do we manage access to large number of e-journals and provide convenient access?

  11. An example gateway service for e-journals

  12. An example gateway service for e-journals

  13. An example gateway service for e-journals

  14. An example gateway service for e-journals

  15. Metadata Example: E-Print archive software Context: Content management in an academic intranetIssue: How do we enforce metadata standard across an organization?

  16. E-publishing in an intranet

  17. Content management – E-Print Archives

  18. Content management – E-Print Archives

  19. Content management – E-Print Archives

  20. Content management – E-Print Archives

  21. Content management – E-Print Archives

  22. Content management – E-Print Archives

  23. Metadata Example: XML-based metadata (IOP Publishing)

  24. Handling of Metadata • Metadata can be used for describing resources at different aggregation levels • Collection, specific resource, component of a resource, etc. • Embedded in a digital object • Ex. HTML documents, headers of images • Stored separately (in a database system) • Simplifies management of metadata • Facilitates search and retrieval

  25. Uses of Metadata • Resource discovery • Finding, searching and identifying resources • Field-based browse/ search • Organizing electronic resources • Ex.: Internet resource catalogues (web resource directories), Institutional publication archives, intranet content management • Interoperability • Exchange of data between systems – metadata standards facilitate cross-searching and sharing (metadata harvesting – OAI protocol)

  26. Uses of Metadata • Digital identification, Bibliographic control • Uniquely describe, identify & locate the digital object referred by the metadata • PURL, DOI (CrossRef), OpenURL • Archiving and preservation • Data elements to track the lineage, physical characteristics, etc. • Efforts are on to define metadata schemes for digital preservation (e.g. ISO’s Open Archival Information System OAIS)

  27. Metadata Schemes • Set of metadata elements, with associated semantics and syntax for describing a particular type of resources • Components (semantics, syntax, content): • Metadata elements and their meaning/ definition • Content rules – how content must be identified and formulated • Representation rules – how content must be represented • Content: Values given to metadata elements

  28. Examples of Metadata Schemes • Dublin Core (www.dublincore.org) • Network information resources • Widely adopted • Government Information Locator Service (GILS) (www. dtic.mil/gils/) • Govt. resources • TEI Header (www.tei-c.org) • Electronic texts like novels, poetry, plays, etc.

  29. Examples of Metadata Schemes • The Encoded Archival Description (EAD) (www.oc.gov/ead/) • Archives and special collections • The Visual Resources Association (VRA) Core Categories • Describe visual materials such as buildings, photographs, paintings, etc. • ONIX International Online Information Exchange) • XML-based metadata for communication of book trade information – being expanded to cover journals, conferences, etc.

  30. Examples of Metadata Schemes • IMS Metadata (www.imsproject.org/metadata/) • Specs and software for managing online learning resources – resource discovery, IPR, commerce

  31. Examples of Metadata Schemes • Metadata for datasets • Numerical and statistical data • Content Standard for Digital Geophysical Metadata (CSDGM) (www.fgdc.gov/metadata/contstan.htm) • Topographic, demographic, GIS and computer-aided cartographic files • Data Documentation Initiative (DDI) standard (www.icpsr.umich.edu/DDI/codebook.html) • Social science data sets • XML DTD

  32. Commerce Home Pages Geo Library Scientific Data Whatever... Museums Resource Description Communities Communities

  33. Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) • International standard for describing network digital resources • Consists of 15 elements, each repeatable, none mandatory • Conceived in 1994 • Has reached standard status – W3C, NISO, ISO • Widely used in several projects around the world • Being refined further

  34. Title Author/Creator Subject /Keywords Description Publisher Other Contributor Date Resource Type Format Resource Identifier Source Language Relation Coverage Rights Management The Dublin CoreMetadata Element Set

  35. Key Features of DC • Simplicity of creation and maintenance • Small and simple element set • Non-specialists can create metadata records • Enable effective search and retrieval • Commonly understood semantics • Generic, common element set facilitates cross-domain accessibility (e.g. “creator” - document, music) • International scope • DC element set in several languages • Extensibility • Linkages with other metadata sets

  36. Uses of DC • Used mainly for describing document-like objects – metadata standards for other domains exist (e.g. e-commerce, education) • DC record can be embedded in the resource itself (e.g. “Meta” tag of HTML) • DC elements may be contained in a record separate from the resource • Database of DC element records, each describing a separate electronic resource (e.g. subject gateways)

  37. DC in HTML • <html><head> • <title>UKOLN Home Page</title> • <meta name="DC.Title” content="UKOLN: UK Office for Library and Information Networking"> • <meta name="DC.Subject" content="national centre, network information support, library community, awareness, research, information services, public library networking, bibliographic management, distributed library systems, metadata, resource discovery, conferences, lectures, workshops"> • <meta name="DC.Description" content="UKOLN is a national centre for support in network information management in the library and information communities. It provides awareness, research and information services"> • <meta name="DC.Creator" content=”UKOLN Information Services Group"> • </head> • ...

  38. Metadata Example: Use of DC in an intranet information portal

  39. DC Projects • Implemented in over 100 projects in several countries • Government Information • Australian Government Locator Service • Danish Online Government Information • Finnish Online Government Information • Libraries and DLs (e.g. CORC – Cooperative Online Resource Catalogue, of OCLC) • Intranets – Nokia, Boeing, Ford, Weyerhaeuser

  40. DC Projects… • Science and Mathematics • Environment Australia, Swedish EnviroNet, German Mathematical Society Preprint Project… • Education • EDNA (Educational Network of Australia) • GEM (Gateway to Educational Materials) • German Education Resources Server • IMS (Instructional Management System) • DC + discipline-specific elements

  41. DC Projects… • Humanities • AHDS Arts and Humanities Data Service • CIMI Metadata Testbed Project • SCRAN (Scottish Cultural Resources Access Network) • Publishing/ e-commerce • E-books (www.openebook.org) • INDECS (Interoperability of Data in E-Commerce Systems) (www.indecs.org) - data model for IPR management in publishing, recording industry

  42. Metadata Creation • Who creates metadata? • Author • Technical staff (cataloguers) • Combination • Integration into EP workflow • Manual/ automated processes and tools • Quality control • Develop/ adopt metadata standards – key to successful EP

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