■ Scale economy ■ Mutuality of resources & means ■ L acks of legal clarity in actual competencies of:

1. RISK-TOLERANT REGULATION IN FRENCH ADMINISTRATION : AUTONOMISATION OF A METROPOLITAN RISK POLICY IN INTER-MUNICIPAL COUNCILS Mathilde GRALEPOIS PhD Student in Urban Planning – Technics, Territories & Societies Laboratory (LATTS) French engineering institute, University of Paris Est, France. Mathilde.Gralepois@enpc.fr http://latts.cnts.fr/site/ Presentation Methodology & Definitions :Drawing on theories from social constructivism and political science, I choose three local case studies in France.  The inter-municipal urban councils are ‘syndicates’ made up of a large city and surrounding municipalities in charge of infrastructure, development and governance in the area of Nantes, Lyon and Le Havre. Since the 90’s, inter-municipal urban councils develop risk public policy between municipality and The Central State, both legal civil security authorities. I study a part of Collective Risk Management : Prevention by Urban Planningamong other issues : Acknowledge about risks, Information for Population, Alert or Crise Management Questions ②What is the process of reconsideration or re-positioning of the inter-municipal urban councils between all other pre-existing authorities in Risk public Policy multi-level Governance ? ①How Do Inter-Municipal Urban Councils create Public Risk Policy although they have no legal competence in civil security ? 2.METROPOLITAN RISK POLICY ON A INTER-MUNICIPAL URBAN COUNCIL LEVEL PROPOSES A MEDIATION IN CONFLICTING SUPERSPOSITION OF COMPETENCES AND RESPONSABILITIES BETWEEN NATIONAL & LOCAL AUTHORITIES AND POLITICAL & ADMIMNISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT. 1. THE TRANSFER OF COMPETENCES IN TERM OF ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND URBAN PLANNING FROM MUNICIPALITIES TO INTER-MUNICIPAL URBAN COUNCILS OPENS OPPORTUNITIES FOR A METROPOLITAN RISK PUBLIC POLICY. 2.1  METROPOLITAN RISK POLICY IN INTER-MUNICIPAL URBAN COUNCILS AS AN ACTOR OF COLLABORATION IN MULTI-LEVEL RISK GOVERNANCE ? 1.1  METROPOLITAN RISK DEFINITION IN INTER-MUNICIPAL URBAN COUNCILS An increasing complexity of metropolitan network Multi-Level Risk Governance in Urban Planning EUROPEAN UNION TechnologicalRisks Waste Pollution enacts directives (SEVESO, Natura 2000, REACH…) that get in French Law. French Devolution genererates Multi-level risk governance that induces a potentially conflicting superposition of competences and responsibilities in Urban Planning (BRENNER, 2004) The metropolis is characterised by the importance of mobility, a tensed-permanent circulation of people, services and goods (CASTELLS,1989/SASSEN, 2001) Environmental Risks Exogenous risks FRENCH PARLIAMENT & GOVERNMENT Political Regulation Transport Risks pass natural and technological risks laws. Laws are implemented by the State at local institutional level. Endogenous risks Endogenous risks Exogenous risks Zoning the Metropolitan Risk Policy TECHNICAL DEVOLVED ADMINISTRATION FOR ENVIRONMENT, INDUSTRY & INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS Metropolitan Risks Economic Strategy METROPOLIS Population Concentration Metropolitan Risk Policy is traduced in Urban Planning by zoning, a practice of designating permitted uses of land based on territorial risk analysis (COBB & ELDER, 1993)  Risks are tolerated as part of a complex urban network system and fully integrated as a Metropolitan Policy. made Technological & Natural Prevention Area Pollution in Public Network Endogenous risks Water Supply Pollution Endogenous risks INTER-MUNICIPAL URBAN COUNCILS MUNICIPALITIES have to apply Risk Prevention Area in Local Urban Plan Exogenous risks Metropolitan Risk Regulation Exogenous risks Territorial Development Metropolitan Risk Policy Health Risks Natural Risks Zoning metropolitan risks in land-planning is a negotiation between security, prevention and development (HOOD, 1983) A cross-sector public policy integrating civil security, environmental or health policies. Yes If Municipalities are part of an Inter-Municipal Urban Council No = = management with Devolved Administration interaction with MUNICIPALITIES and DEVOLVED ADMINISTRATION to apply Risk Prevention Area in Local Urban Plan. IN INTER-MUNICIPAL URBAN COUNCILS, RISK IS DEFINED IN A TERRITORIAL APPROACH AS THE CONFRONTATION BETWEEN POSSIBILITIES OF AN ACCIDENT AND STAKES OF METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT (SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL OR PATRIMONIAL) • INTER-MUNICIPAL URBAN COUNCILS HAVE SUCCEEDED INTO BUILDING A TERRITORIAL EXPERTISE IN WHICH BOTH THE DEVOLVED ADMINISTRATIONS AND MUNICIPALITIES TAP IN: • FOR MUNICIPALITIES, INTER-MUNICIPAL COUNCILS DELIVER DECISION-MAKING PLANNING. • FOR THE CENTRAL STATE, INTER-MUNICIPAL URBAN COUNCILS BECOME A CRITICAL PARTNERTO FACILITATE THE NEGOTIATIONS. 1.2  METROPOLITAN RISK INTEGRATION IN INTER-MUNICIPAL URBAN ORGANISATION President of the inter-municipal urban council 2.2  METROPOLITAN RISK POLICY IN INTER-MUNICIPAL URBAN COUNCILS : A DEAL BEETWEEN TECHNICS AND POLITICS. Public Network permits either mobility or flow of commodities in the metropolis. Urban Planning cross disciplines which regulate the economical, social or environmental use of land. Cabinet for Representants METROPOLITAN RISK POLICY is based on : General Director of Public Services Technical Goals & Constraints Political Stakes & Strategies  Arguing a necessity to act at the inter-municipal level when dealing with Metropolitan Risk Zoning & Management. The labeling of Metropolitan Risk Policy acts as a localisation of most important economical & urban development stakes. Public Network Urban Planning & Development Transport Water Supply Waste Supply Planning Strategy METROPOLITAN RISK POLICY built its legimacy on : Housing Economical Development ■ Scale economy ■ Mutuality of resources & means ■ Lacks of legal clarity in actual competencies of: - The State, incapable of dealing with territorial particularities - Municipalities, as an administrative unit limited to municipal tasks ECONOMY POLITY Public Spaces International Cooperation METROPOLITAN RISK POLICY Environment Urban Renewal LEGALITY SECURITY • EVEN IF INTER-MUNICIPAL URBAN COUNCILS HAVE NO LEGAL COMPETENCE IN CIVIL SECURITY TO MANAGE RISKS, THEY DEVELOP A PROPER EXPERTISE FROM : • A TECHNICAL SPECIALISATION ON INDUSTRIAL & NATURAL EVOLUTIONS. • A DETAILED TERRITORIAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL HABITS. RISK IS NOT A SCIENTIFIC PROBABILITY DUE TO HUMAN FACTOR OR EXOGENOUS HAZARD BUT A SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONSTRUCTION. THE LABELING OF METROPOLITAN RISK POLICY BY INTER-MUNICIPAL URBAN COUNCILS ACTS AS A POSITIONNING IN A MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE CONTEXT.