Chapter 2 Foundations of Government

Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments Section 2:The First Government Section 3:A New Constitution Chapter 2Foundations of Government Quiz Review & Test

Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments The Main Idea Government plays an essential role in every country. A country’s government affects the lives of its people. Often, it affects people around the world. Reading Focus • What are two main types of government? • What are the purposes of government? • How does the U.S. government guarantee freedom to its citizens?

Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments Types of Governments: • Every country in the world has a government. • The people’s beliefs and the country’s history shape that government. • governments vary widely • Non-democratic • democratic

Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments Types of Governments cont.: Nondemocratic Governments • where citizens do not have the power to rule • Monarchies • a king or queen, who reigns over a kingdom or an empire. • Limited  Absolute Monarch Most countries that have monarchs greatly limit their power

Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments Types of Governments cont.: • Dictatorships • a person rules with complete and absolute power. • Often take power by force • Oligarchy- a type of dictatorship in which all power is concentrated in a small group of people. • Authoritarian- the rulers answer only to themselves • Some are Totalitarian- the rulers try to control every aspect of citizens’ lives, including their religious, cultural, political, and personal activities All

Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments Types of Governments cont.: • Theocracy • government controlled by one or more religious leaders who claim to rule on behalf of God or the gods worshipped in their country • the rulers respond to divine guidance and not to the wishes of the people

Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments Types of Governments cont.: Democratic Governments • Democracy- the people of a nation either rule directly or they elect officials who act on their behalf • direct democracy- all voters in a community meet in one place to make laws and decide what actions to take. (small communities) • representative democracy- the people elect representatives to carry on the work of government for them • Republic • U.S. is a Republic Greek word officials

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Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments Types of Governments Characteristics of Governments Democracy People rule directly or indirectly Direct Representative • All voters make decisions together. • People elect representatives. Monarchy Ruled by a king or queen • Absolute • Monarchs have total control. A person or small group has absolute power and does not answer to the people. Dictatorship

Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments Purposes of Government • Provides a means for cooperation and unity among people • Enables groups of people to achieve large goals • Provides protection, security, transportation, monetary assistance, education, and health related services • Provides laws and a Constitution public A written plan of government Rules of Conduct

establish schools provide trash collection protect from foreign attack enforce health laws provide police protection provide libraries provide fire protection enforce health laws build transportation systems provide a money system

Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments Guaranteeing Freedom • The government of the U.S. has a fourth purpose —to guarantee the freedoms of its citizens • The U.S. was founded on the belief that the people should rule themselves • no one should be denied his or her rights • “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” • these rights can be restricted to keep people from using these freedoms to violate the rights of others. ie- citizens have the right to have their reputations protected from lies, you can’t cut down your neighbor’s tree

Section 2: The First U.S. Government The Main Idea The American ideals that people should rule themselves and that government should protect human rights are clearly set forth in the Declaration of Independence. Reading Focus • Why is the Declaration of Independence so important? • What were the Articles of Confederation, and what were their weaknesses? • What was the effect of a weak national government on the United States?

Section 2: The First U.S. Government The Declaration of Independence • Upholds the philosophy on which the United States is based • Is a statement of the American ideals • Declares that the purpose of government is to protect human rights • Stresses equality among individuals Written in Philadelphia by Jefferson during the Continental Congress “life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness” Basic rights to which all people are entitled

Continental Congress Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence human rights

Section 2: The First U.S. Government The Articles of the Confederation: 1781 • First government of the U.S. • A confederation is a loose association, rather than a firm union, of states. • Each state was to have equal powers and in most ways was to be independent of the other states. • The national government had very limited powers • National government consisted of a lawmaking body called Congress Writers wanted to preserve state Sovereignty- government’s absolute power/authority Consisted of 1 house Each state had 1 vote

Section 2: The First U.S. Government The Articles of the Confederation: • Had no power to operate effectively or settle disputes • The country lacked a national identity. • The states quarreled over boundary lines and trade. • The country looked weak to other nations.

Articles of Confederation confederation sovereignty

Section 2: The First U.S. Government Weaknesses of the Articles: Laws required the votes of 9 of the 13 states • Congress had difficulty passing important measures. • There was no executive branch to ensure that new laws would be carried out. • There were no national courts to interpret the laws and uphold them. • A unanimous vote was required to make changes to the Articles of the Confederation. • There was no money to pay for expenses or services. • Each state regulated its own trade and had its own currency. • Conflicts between the states and Congress developed. Couldn’t even pay soldiers who fought in the Rev. War Lack of a judicial system

difficult to change Articles because unanimous vote was needed no execu-tive branch to enforce laws difficult to pass laws because 9 out of 13 states’ approval was needed WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION no means to regulate trade with foreign countries lacked power to collect taxes no judicial branch to interpret laws Section 2: The First U.S. Government

pass laws with a majority of votes interpret laws and judge lawbreakers (judicial branch)) impose taxes regulate trade. settle disputes between states carry out the laws (executive branch)

Section 3: A New Constitution The Main Idea The framers of the U.S. Constitution drew upon a history of democratic ideals while developing a document that would establish a new, stronger federal government. Reading Focus • What historical principles of government influenced the delegates to the Constitutional Convention? • How did the U.S. government become stronger under the Constitution? • How did the viewpoints of Federalists and Antifederalists differ, and how were these differences resolved?

Section 3: A New Constitution The Constitutional Convention & History: • By 1787 people in the new United States realized that the Articles of Confederation needed to be fixed • the Constitution was written at the Constitutional Convention, Philadelphia Establishing the U.S. government

Section 3: A New Constitution British Principles Influence the Delegates: • Magna Carta—free people cannot be arrested without a trial by jury of their peers; Parliament’s rights are protected; English citizens only judged by English laws • English Bill of Rights—right to petition a change of laws; right to a fair punishment • Parliamentary government—a bicameral body; a prime minister administers the government and can be replaced by a majority vote Lawmaking body of Great Britain

Section 3: A New Constitution Delegates Hold Their Meetings in Secret: • Why? • Delegates wanted to discuss their ideas about government freely • feared they would be pressured by outsiders • difficult for delegates to change their minds after debate and discussion • James Madison-- Father of the Constitution His journal is the chief source of information about the Constitutional Convention

Section 3: A New Constitution Writing the Constitution: Established the U.S. Federal system • Federalism-- divides a government’s powers between the national government, which governs the whole country, and state governments, which govern each state. • Compromise- is an agreement in which each side gives up part of its demands in order to reach a solution to a problem • Great Compromise- bicameral lawmaking body called Congress • Senate-- equal representation • House of Representatives-- by population legislature This resolved the most serious disagreement which was over representation

c a d Articles of Confederation Constitutional Convention Philadelphia Magna Carta English Bill of Rights James Madison Enlightenment Great Compromise

Section 3: A New Constitution The Main Idea The framers of the U.S. Constitution drew upon a history of democratic ideals while developing a document that would establish a new, stronger federal government. Reading Focus • What historical principles of government influenced the delegates to the Constitutional Convention? • How did the U.S. government become stronger under the Constitution? • How did the viewpoints of Federalists and Antifederalists differ, and how were these differences resolved?

Section 3: A New Constitution Government becomes stronger: • A federal system was established. • Powers included the coining and printing of money, raising armed forces, trade regulations, and levying taxes. • Provisions for an executive and a judicial branch were established. To ensure national laws are carried out

A STRONGER U.S. GOVERNMENT Powers of the National Government Powers Dealing with Laws Section 3: A New Constitution • Provide a president to carry out the country’s laws • Establish the Supreme Court and other national courts to interpret laws • Print money • Raise armed forces • Regulate trade • Set taxes

Section 3: A New Constitution Government Becomes Stronger: • The Constitution now had to be sent to the states for ratification, or approval • it had to be ratified by 9 of the 13 states • Federalists—strong national government would keep the country united • Antifederalists—strong national government would not protect the people’s freedoms and would take power from the states Federalist Papers to help increase support for the Constitution (formal) Hotly debated by Early supporters of the Constitution Opposed to the new Constitution

b f e Federalist Papers

Section 3: A New Constitution The Constitution is Ratified: Constitution gained support after the agreement to add a Bill of Rights • A bill of rights was proposed to outline the rights of the people under the Constitution. • The new U.S. government began to operate in March 1789 • George Washington was sworn in as the first president of the United States. Protecting the freedoms of the people

Chapter 2 Wrap-Up • 1. What are two of the major factors that shape a country’s government? • 2. How are a democracy and other types of governments different? • 3. What were the key purposes of the Declaration of Independence? • 4. What were some of the problems the country faced after independence was declared? • 5. In what ways did the colonists’ English political heritage influence American ideas about government and individual rights? • 6. What was the outcome of the Constitutional Convention? • 7. What were the arguments of the Federalists and Antifederalists?

Chapter 2 Foundations of Government