REVIEW FOR THE SPRING MIDTERM EXAM

1. REVIEW FOR THE SPRING MIDTERM EXAM

2. INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question

3. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires were known as the “Gunpowder Empires” All three empires were able to conquer neighboring people by forming strong armies that used rifles and artillery

4. All three empires were Islamic and ruled by Muslim leaders

5. Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent’s greatest accomplishment was establishing a stable government for the Ottoman Empire through the law code he created

6. Babur began the Mughal Empire in what is now India and Pakistan; his grandson Akbar became the Mughals’ greatest ruler; Akbar was a Muslim ruling over an empire made up mostly of Hindus

7. The greatest example of the Mughal Empire’s architecture is the TajMahal, which was built in 1631

8. Qing Dynasty (1644 CE to 1911 CE) In 1644, northern invaderscalled the Manchus conquered China and created the second foreign dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing Dynasty

9. The introduction of new American crops like corn and sweet potatoes led to a dramatic increase in the Chinese population The sharp rise in the number of Chinese peasants would lead to intense competition for land and violent rebellions when poverty grew

10. The second challenge to Qing China was the arrival of European missionaries and merchants in Asia who were eager to gain access into China Europeans arrived with superior military technology, demanded that China trade with them, and refused to accept Chinese customs

11. Japanese Feudalism Farmers traded land to strong warlords called daimyo, who offered protection in exchange for land Daimyo actually had more power than the emperor and were served by loyal warriors called samurai The emperor held the highest rank, but had little real power

12. During the time of Tokugawa’s rule, the actual power was held by the shogun, not the emperor Tokugawa was the shogun who completed the unification of Japan; he moved the capital city to Edo and created a line of successors who would rule for another 250 years Tokugawa Ieyasu

13. Nagasaki Bay Deshima Japan Dutch ships Japan’s policy with foreigners was one of isolationism: the Japanese port at Deshima in Nagasaki Bay remained open, but ONLY to Dutch and Chinese merchants

14. During the Scientific Revolution, scholars applied logic and reason; this inspired the Enlightenment thinkers to also use logic and reason as they came up with new ideas about economics and government

15. Political Ideas of the Enlightenment John Locke said that the purpose of government was to protect citizens’ natural rights Locke believed that people are born with natural rights: rights to life, liberty, and property

16. Capitalism is an economic model based on private ownership of property and the goal is to make profits Adam Smith thought the best type of economy was capitalism “Laissez-faire” (“hands off”) is the idea that the economy thrives when there is minimal government involvement in the economy and business

17. Political Ideas of the Enlightenment The Swiss philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed in individual freedom Rousseau believed that people are naturally good, but too much power corrupts them Much like Montesquieu and Locke, Rousseau was in favor of governments with limited power

18. To pay off war debts, Britain created a series of new taxes (such as the Stamp Act) for the American colonists The colonists were upset that the Parliament in England would pass laws and taxes without the colonists’ approval

19. The American colonists’ slogan became: “No taxation without representation”, which meant that colonists believed that they should be able to vote on taxes and laws that affected them The unfairness of taxation without representation would be the main reason the American colonists broke away from England in 1776

20. Latin Americans were inspired to gain independence because of the success of the American and French Revolutions Also, the ideas of the Enlightenment inspired desire for independence in Latin American countries

21. Enlightenment ideas were used in the American, French, and Mexican Revolutions After each, revolution, a democratic government was started

22. In 1791, Haitian slaves rose in revolt against their French rulers; Toussaint L’Ouverturebecame the leader of the slave uprising and helped free all the slaves by 1801

23. From 1811 to 1824, Venezuelan creole Simon Bolivar led an army of revolutionaries in the independence movement against Spain

24. Argentinean creole San Martín led the independence movement in southern South America

25. In order rule France more effectively, Napoleoncreated a comprehensive set of laws called the Napoleonic Code He also improved France’s tax system and public education

26. After the fall of Napoleon in 1815, European leaders met at the Congress of Vienna to restore monarchies and create a balance of power inEurope

27. From 1793 to 1794, any French citizens who were accused of being disloyal to the new republic were executed Robespierre executed 30,000 “traitors” during an era known as the Reign of Terror (until he, too, was executed)

28. Absolute monarchs like Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia made all government decisions without the consent of their people; they never listened to demands of their citizens

29. GARIBALDI: UNIFIER OF ITALY Giuseppe Garibaldi wanted a unified Italy under a republic style of government Garibaldi, who always wore a red shirt in battle, named his forces the “Redshirts”

30. BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY Otto von Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia in the 1860s Bismarck’s goal was the unification of the German states under the leadership of Prussia

31. WHAT IS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION? “The Industrial Revolution” refers to the time period when there was a huge increase of machine-made goods, which replaced work done by hand

32. The Industrial Revolution led to (1) lower costs of producing goods, (2) mass production of goods, increased profits, (3) movement of people to cities, and (4) more people working low-skilled factory jobs

33. Like socialists, communists want equality in society, but want to get it in a different way: Marx which predicted a war between the “haves” and “have nots”, where the workers would rise up and overthrow the privileged class

34. In 1765, James Watt invented the first steam engine Steam engines produced more power and allowed factories to be built in citiesnear workers

35. STEEL-MAKING PROCESS Henry Bessemer invented a cheap process for making steel (which is stronger than iron)

36. IMPERIALISMis the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country. The stronger country dominates weaker countries politically, economically, and socially. The reason: the stronger country gains power with the money it makes from using the weaker country.

37. MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM ECONOMIC Economic motives included (1) the desire to make money, (2) to expand and control foreign trade, (3) to create new markets for products, and (4) to acquire raw materials and cheap labor (this was the main reason for European imperialism in Africa)

38. In 1884, 14 European nations met at the Congress of Berlin to “set the rules” for colonizing in Africa The main agreement: any nation could claim land in Africa by notifying the other nations and showing it could control the area No African nations were invited to attend

39. Among all of Britain’s colonies, the most valuable was India (which they called “The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire”) India had this nickname because it produced so many profitable cash-crops (such as tea, cotton, coffee, and opium)

40. The Sepoy Mutiny In 1857, Sepoys refused to use new ammunition cartridges greased with pork/beef fat The tops of the new type of cartridges needed to be bitten off before they could be loaded into the new guns The sepoys were either Muslim or Hindu; the cow is sacred to Hindus and pork is forbidden to Muslims The anger over their religions being offended led to the Sepoys and then all of India rebelling against the British

41. The growth of foreign influence, poverty among peasants, and Christianity upset many Chinese In 1900, frustrated Chinese led the Boxer Rebellion to expel foreigners from China; it was defeated

42. The British refused to end the opium trade and China declared war on Britain Britain used its modern navy to easily win the Opium Wars, which resulted in even more Western trade and influence in Asia

43. AMERICAN SHIPS vs. JAPANESE BOATS Japanese officials realized they were overmatched by U.S. naval ships, so their immediate action was to open up ports to trade with the U.S. “Hey, Japan. Trade with us… or else!”

44. In an effort to end spheres of influence in China, USA proposed an Open Door Policy in China, so merchants from all nations could trade freely in all Chinese ports

45. LandRedistribution Public schools(Germany, USA, & France) End of the feudal system Modernbanking system Modernize the Army(Germany) Meiji Reforms WrittenConstitution(Germany) Build aModern Navy(Britain) Human Rights & ReligiousFreedom EmperorWorshipIntensified

46. The United States was also a major imperial power in the world; the U.S. was the “police power” in the Western Hemisphere and controlled the Panama Canal The U.S. also had a lot of influence in Asia and the Pacific: controlling the Philippines, overthrowing Queen Liliuokalani and annexing Hawaii, and taking over many other islands

48. This cartoon shows how the complicated system of alliances between the competing nations in Europe created tensions that led to World War I

49. The spark that ignited World War I was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist named GavriloPrincip

50. Nations committed to TOTAL WARto win World War I (1) Factories were converted to make war equipment (2) Resources were rationed (limited) in order to prioritize military needs (3) Propaganda was created to generate support for the war (4) People were drafted into military service