Motivation

1. Motivation

2. Motivation • The forces that act on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior • A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

3. Motivation • Activation – initiation or production behavior • Persistence – continued effort to get something • Intensity – greater vigor of responding

4. Instinct Theories • Motivation is innate and due to genetic programming • Instincts are rigidly patterned throughout a species • Animals display instinctive behavior patterns such as migration and mating behavior • IE. Salmon returning to their birth place, birds migrating south for the winter

5. Instinct • A complex, inherited, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

6. Instinct Motivation • Examples of Instincts • Rivalry Submission • Sympathy Modesty • Fear Secretiveness • Shyness Repulsion • Cleanliness Jealousy • Food-Seeking Curiosity • Sociability Combativeness • Parental Love Hunting • Mating Constructiveness

7. Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights? Why is Sally so quiet and timid? Why does Jane beat her children? Why is Dave so overweight?

8. Why do people do the things that they do?(Instinct Theory) • Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights? Combativeness Instinct • Why is Sally so quiet and timid? Shyness Instinct • Dave is overweight and can’t stop eating because of his food-seeking instinct. • Jane beats and neglects her children because she wasn’t born with a parental love instinct.

9. Drives • Aroused states of tension created by an imbalance • Organism must reduce the drive to restore balance

10. DRIVE – REDUCTION THEORY • Behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

11. Drive-Reduction Theory

12. Drive-Reduction Theory

13. Drive-Reduction Theory

14. Drive-Reduction Motivation • Homeostasis = The body monitors and maintains relatively constant levels of internal states, such as body temperature, fluid levels, and energy supplies • If any of these levels deviates very far from the optimal level, the body initiates processes (motivation) to bring the condition back to normal

15. Homeostatic Regulation

16. Homeostatic Regulation

17. Homeostatic Regulation

18. Homeostatic Regulation

19. Homeostatic Regulation

20. Homeostatic Regulation

21. Homeostatic Regulation

22. Homeostatic Regulation

23. Homeostatic Regulation

24. Why did Jim steal the candy bar? • Why did Carrie put on a sweatshirt?

25. Drive theories are inadequate • many people strive to increase tension and physiological arousal Such as by running a marathon or jumping out planes…

26. Arousal Theorywe are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal • When arousal levels get too low, a person might watch an exciting movie or go for a jog. • When arousal levels get too high, a person looks for ways to relax such as meditating or reading a book. • Arousal level can vary based on the individual or the situation.

27. Why does Jill take a nap after playtime? • Why does Bill drive so fast on his way home from work?

28. Incentive Theory • Extrinsic Motivation • Behavior is motivated solely by the pull of external rewards (reinforcement principal) or punishment…

29. Intrinsic Motivation • Intrinsic motivation is when you are motivated by internal factors, to do something for its own sake • Intrinsic motivation drives you to do things just for the fun of it, or because I believe it is a good or right thing to do.

30. Why did Dave kill Bill? • Why did Janet swim laps in the pool every day after school? • Why did Stanley study so much? • Why did Cassie become a nun?

31. Don’t forget Freud…. • Psychanalysis - Motives come from the unconscious mind… • Eros – your “life instinct” is the drive for survival, procreation and creativity • continually at odds with your Thanatos • Thanatos - is its opposite, your “death instinct” - “the goal of all life is death” • people hold an unconscious desire to die which is exhibited by self-destructive behaviors. Often directed outward onto others, it is expressed as aggression and violence.

32. MORE MOTIVATIONS… Social Acceptance Behaviors are motivated by the desire to increase our social acceptance and inclusion in social groups.

33. MORE MOTIVATIONS… Control • Motivation is driven by a need to control one’s environment. • to be decisive, assertive, and influence others for personal gain.

34. MORE MOTIVATIONS… Competition • Comparing your performance to others can enhance your self-esteem. • This could determine your behavior in school, on the field or elsewhere…

35. Motivation • Humanistic Theory • People are motivated to satisfy a progression of internal needs, beginning with the most basic and moving towards the realization of personal potential Sound Familiar….?

36. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) • Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs

37. Humanistic Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

38. Why did Eric join a gang? • Why is Lisa so religious? • Why did Fred join the Peace Corps? Hint - his other needs have been satisfied…

39. Specific Motivations • Hunger • Sex • Achievement

40. Hunger • What physiological factors cause us to feel hungry? • What psychological factors cause us to feel hungry?

41. Hunger – Physiological Factors Your body’s thermostat! Maintains HOMEOSTASIS • Hypothalamus • Set-Point Theory – the hypothalamus decides what signal to send based on a genetic metabolic rate (how quickly the body uses energy)

42. Hunger – Physiological Factors • Ventromedial Hypothalamus – part of the brain responsible for stopping eating • Lateral Hypothalamus – part of the brain responsible for hunger The Hypothalamus receives and sends signals about hunger

43. Hunger – Physiological Factors • Glucose/Blood-Sugar Levels • Glucose is the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. • Low blood-sugar levels triggers hunger. • Orexin • Orexin is the hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus.

44. Hunger – Physiological Factors • Leptin • Leptin is a protein secreted by fat cells. • An abundance increases your metabolism thus decreasing hunger. • Too little, signals the brain to increase hunger.

45. Hunger – Physiological Factors • Ghrelin • Ghrelin is the hormone secreted by an empty stomach. It sends an “I’m hungry” signal to the brain. • PYY • PYY is a digestive tract hormone that sends an “I’m not hungry” signal to the brain.

46. recap • Makes you NOT hungry: • Leptin • PYY • Ventromedial Hypothalamus • Makes you hungry: • Orexin • Ghrelin • Lateral Hypothalamus

47. Hunger – Psychological Factors • Our eating habits are also controlled by external factors related to taste preferences, culture, media influences, convenience, moods, religion, etc.

48. Hunger – Psychological Factors • Preferences - hot and spicy foods, while others enjoy sweets or salty foods. • time periods - heaviness indicated wealth, so eating was/is encouraged. • cultures - often enjoy dog, rat, and horse meat - eye of a camel is considered a delicacy. • Religion - Hindus avoid eating beef

49. Hunger – Psychological Factors • Mood - When you are happy you may eat certain foods, but when you are sad you may indulge in other foods. • Supply - If there is an abundance or lack of grocery stores, fast-food drive-thru, and restaurant, eating habits may differ. • Media - eating habits may change according to the current media portrayal of beauty especially with regards to young women.

50. Hunger – Psychological Factors • The Garcia Effect – Simply thinking about a certain food and its pairing with an unpleasant episode will curb your desire for that food • IE. At the movies, your friend vomits popcorn all over the seat and your shoes. Popcorn no longer has an appeal to you.