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ORGANELLES: CENTROSOME

ORGANELLES: CENTROSOME. Function: Microtubule formation Two centrioles and pericentriolar area Microtubule organizing center Cilia and flagella are composed of microtubules. Figure: 3.17. ORGANELLES: CILIA. Many per cell Short hairlike projections Bundles of microtubules in PM projections

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ORGANELLES: CENTROSOME

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  1. ORGANELLES:CENTROSOME • Function: Microtubule formation • Two centrioles and pericentriolar area • Microtubule organizing center • Cilia and flagella are composed of microtubules Figure: 3.17

  2. ORGANELLES:CILIA • Many per cell • Short hairlike projections • Bundles of microtubules in PM projections • Function: Move substances along the outer cell boundary (one way)

  3. Figure 3.15

  4. ORGANELLES:FLAGELLUM • One per cell • Long bundle of microtubules enclosed in PM • Propels the entire cell (sperm) Figure 3.15

  5. ORGANELLES:RIBOSOMES • Non-membrane bound • Site of protein synthesis • Composed mainly of RNA (rRNA) • Formed in the nucleolus • Located in the cytosol, or attached to the nucleus or ER

  6. http://www2.prs.k12.nj.us/Schools/PHS/Science_Dept/APBio/Ribosome.htmlhttp://www2.prs.k12.nj.us/Schools/PHS/Science_Dept/APBio/Ribosome.html Figure 3.19

  7. ORGANELLES:ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Rough ER • Long, interconnected flattened sacs of membrane • Studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis • Produces secretory & membrane proteins, plus phospholipids Figure: 3.17

  8. ORGANELLES:ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Smooth ER • More tubular • No ribosomes • Produces phospholipids, fats, steroids • May perform vastly different functions depending on cell type (i.e., muscle vs. liver) Figure: 3.17

  9. ORGANELLES:GOLGI COMPLEX • Flattened sacs (cisternae) • All secretory proteins pass through GC • More protein modifications (carb, lipid additions) Figure: 3.18

  10. ORGANELLES:GOLGI COMPLEX • Proteins are packaged into vesicles with one of three possible destinations: • Secretory vesiclessecretion • Membrane vesiclesplasma membrane • Transport vesiclesother organelles Figure: 3.19

  11. ORGANELLES:LYSOSOMES • Storage/digestive vesicles formed by GC • Contain a variety of digestive enzymes • Slightly acidic - pH 5 • Proton pumps for H+ • Main functions – • Digestion of substances that enter the cell • Transport byproducts to cytosol • Digest old organelles (autophagy) Figure: 3.20

  12. http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol22000/11Organelles/Fig.htmlhttp://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol22000/11Organelles/Fig.html

  13. ORGANELLES:PEROXISOMES • Protect cell from harmful effects of oxidation products • Contain oxidizing enzymes (oxidases) for detoxifying substances • Hydrogen peroxide (toxic) is a byproduct of oxidations • Peroxisomes contain catalases to convert hydrogen peroxide to water

  14. http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol22000/11Organelles/Fig.htmlhttp://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol22000/11Organelles/Fig.html

  15. ORGANELLES:MITOCHONDRIA • Function: ATP production (cellular respiration) • Number of mitochondria in a cell depends on its ATP demands • Double-membraned organelle • Outer mt membrane • Inner mt membrane with folds (cristae) • Large surface area for cellular respiration • Matrix

  16. Figure: 3.21

  17. Cell Overview • Plasma Membrane – phospholipid bilayer • Cytoplasm • Cytosol = intracellular fluid • Organelles = “cell’s organs” • Nucleus – contains chromatin

  18. NUCLEUS • Typically one per cell • Stores DNA http://www.nimr.mrc.ac.uk/virology/doorbar/function/fig2/

  19. NUCLEUS • Nuclear envelope: double membrane that encloses the nucleus • Nuclear pores control entrance/exit of substances • Active transport of large molecules • Diffusion of small molecules • Nucleoli: areas within the nucleus where ribosome assembly occurs Figure 3.22

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