1 / 56

THE CELL

THE CELL. THE CELL. MOLECULES. COMPOUNDS. ATOMS. CELLS. ORGANELLES. THE CELL. WHAT IS A CELL? ROBERT HOOKE IN MID-1960’S OBSERVED CORK WITH A COMPOUND MICROSCOPE COINED THE TERM “CELL” TO DESCRIBE WHAT HE OBSERVED. THE CELL. WHAT IS A CELL?

darva
Download Presentation

THE CELL

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. THE CELL

  2. THE CELL MOLECULES COMPOUNDS ATOMS CELLS ORGANELLES

  3. THE CELL • WHAT IS A CELL? • ROBERT HOOKE IN MID-1960’S OBSERVED CORK WITH A COMPOUND MICROSCOPE • COINED THE TERM “CELL” TO DESCRIBE WHAT HE OBSERVED

  4. THE CELL • WHAT IS A CELL? • ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK DEVELOPED NEW MICROSCOPES AND OBSERVED POND WATER • OBSERVED THINGS NEVER SEEN BEFORE!! • DIDN’T DRAW ANY CONCLUSIONS, THOUGH…JUST SHARED OBSERVATIONS

  5. THE CELL • WASN’T UNTIL 1800’S THAT SCIENTISTS STARTED DRAWING CONLCUSIONS/DEVEOPING THEORIES

  6. THE CELL • SCWANN AND SCHLEIDEN FIRST TO PROPOSE THE BEGINNINGSOF THE: • CELLTHEORY

  7. THE CELL

  8. THE CELL • THE CELL THEORY STATES THAT • ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS • CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN LIVING THINGS • ALL CELLS ARISE FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS

  9. THE CELL • TWO BASIC TYPES OF CELLS • PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES • WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE??

  10. THE CELL • PROKARYOTE VS EUKARYOTE

  11. THE CELL • CELL SIZE • NEED TO COME UP WITH UNITS…(μm)

  12. THE CELL • μm = MICROMETER • WHAT DOES A MICROMETER EQUAL?? • 1,000 μm = 1 mm

  13. THE CELL • HOW COME WE NEED MICROMETERS? • CELLS CAN’T BE VERY LARGE…WHY NOT?? • IT IS DUE TOTHESURFACE AREATO VOLUMERATIO

  14. THE CELL

  15. THE CELL • CELLS MUST BE ABLE TO OBTAIN NECESSARY NUTRIENTS AND REMOVE WASTES ACROSS THEIR CELL MEMBRANE AT A RATE THAT SUSTAINS THEIR NEEDS

  16. THE CELL • NOW THAT WE HAVE ESTABLISHED CELL SIZE, WHAT MAKES UP THE CELL??

  17. THE CELL • STRUCTURES THAT MAKE UP THE CELL ARE CALLED?? • ORGANELLES • ORGANELLES • CELL WALL • CELL MEMBRANE • NUCLEUS • ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM • RIBOSOMES • LYSOSOMES • MITOCHONDRIA • CHLOROPLASTS • ETC…

  18. THE CELL • CELL WALL • MOST BACTERIA, VARIOUS OTHER MICROORGANISMS, AND ALL PLANT CELLS • PROVIDES STRUCTURE AND PROTECTION • WHAT IS IT MADE OF? • CELLULOSE

  19. THE CELL • CELL MEMBRANE (A.K.A. PLASMA MEMBRANE)

  20. THE CELL • CELL MEMBRANE (A.K.A. PLASMA MEMBRANE) • COMPOSED OF CARBS, PROTEINS, AND LIPIDS • PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER • FUNCTION? • BARRIER BETWEENINTERNAL AND EXTERNALENVIRONMENTS

  21. THE CELL • CELL MEMBRANE (A.K.A. PLASMA MEMBRANE) • SELECTIVELYPERMEABLE • SOME SUBSTANCESCAN PASSTHROUGH, WHILE OTHERSUBSTANCESCAN NOT

  22. THE CELL • NUCLEUS • MEMBRANE-BOUND STRUCTURE THAT SERVESAS CONTROLCENTER FORMETABOLISM AND CELLULAR REPRODUCTION • *LARGEST ORGANELLE* • CONTAINS DNA (BLUEPRINTS)

  23. THE CELL • NUCLEUS • NUCLEAR ENVELOPE • MEMBRANE THAT SURROUNDS NUCLEUS • NUCLEOLUS • PLURAL = NUCLEOLI • COMPOSED OF DNA/RNA/PROTEIN • SITE OF RIBOSOMAL PRODUCTION

  24. THE CELL • CYTOPLASM • WATERY MATERIAL IN THECELL BETWEEN THE CELL MEMBRANE ANDNUCLEUS • CONTAINS DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES THAT ARE A PART OF METABOLIC REACTIONS • LOCATION OF A VARIETY OF CELLULAR ORGANELLES

  25. THE CELL • ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (E.R.) • ROUGH E.R. VS SMOOTH E.R. • SYSTEM OF FLUID-FILLED CANALS • INVOLVED IN INTRA-CELLULAR TRANSPORT, AND SURFACE AREA FOR METABOLIC REACTIONS WITHIN THE CELL

  26. THE CELL • RIBOSOMES • COMPOSED OFRNA AND PROTEIN • SOLE FUNCTIONIS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  27. THE CELL

  28. THE CELL • GOLGI BODY (A.K.A. GOLGI APPARATUS) • MODIFY, PACKAGE, AND TRANSPORTPROTEINS MADEBY THE CELLTO THEIR FINAL DESTINATION

  29. THE CELL

  30. THE CELL • LYSOSOMES • BREAKDOWN BODY • CONTAIN HYDROLYTICENZYMES • ENZYMES THAT CATALYZE HYDROLYSIS • LYSOSOMES CAN DIGEST THE ORGANISMIF NOT CONTAINED!! (EX. TAY-SACHS) • LYSOSOMAL DISEASE

  31. THE CELL • MITOCHONDRIA • INVOLVED IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION • ATP PRODUCTION (ATP IS A HIGH ENERGY MOLECULE) • EVERY EUKARYOTIC CELL HAS THIS ORGANELLE!! • WE WILL SPEND A WHOLE CHAPTER ON CELLULAR RESPIRATION

  32. THE CELL • CYTOSKELETON • SUPPORTS CELL, PROVIDES MOVEMENT • COMPOSED OFMICROTUBULES ANDMICROFILAMENTS

  33. THE CELL • VACUOLES • STORAGE SACKS • DIFFERENT TYPES • FOOD VACUOLE • CENTRAL VACUOLE • CONTRACTILE VACUOLE

  34. THE CELL • CENTRIOLES • INVOLVED IN CELL DIVISION • NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD

  35. THE CELL • CILIA AND FLAGELLA • HAIRLIKE ORGANELLES INVOLVED IN CELLULAR MOVEMENT

  36. THE CELL • CHLOROPLASTS

  37. THE CELL • CHLOROPLASTS • INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS • CONTAIN CHLOROPHYLL(SUBSTANCE THAT MAKES THEM GREEN) • ONE OF THE GROUP OF ORGANELLES CALLEDPLASTIDS • LEUCOPLASTS • CHROMOPLASTS • CHLOROPLASTS • PLASTIDS • GROUP OF ORGANELLESONLY FOUND INPHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKARYOTES

  38. THE CELL • REMEMBER, WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS? • WHAT ORGANELLES AREN’T IN PROKARYOTES THAT ARE IN EUKARYOTES? • HOW DID THOSE ORGANELLES GET THERE?

  39. THE CELL • ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY • IT IS BELIEVEDTHAT PROKARYOTESFUSED TOGETHERAND FORMEDTHE FIRSTEUKARYOTICCELLS

  40. THE CELL • MAINTAINING A CONSTANT CELL ENVIRONMENT • THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE CELL MUST BE KEPT CONSTANT AT ALL TIMES • HOMEOSTASIS • WHAT HAPPENS IF HOMEOSTASIS IS INTERUPTED? • THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT IS CONTROLLED BY HOMEOSTASIS, BUT WHAT ABOUT THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT? • IT IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING!!!

  41. THE CELL • THE SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE CELL MEMBRANE PROTECTS THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT FROM THE CRAZY CHANGES OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

  42. THE CELL • HOW DO SUBSTANCES THAT CAN GET THROUGH THE MEMBRANE DO IT? • DIFFUSION • THE MOVEMENT OF PARTICLESFROM HIGH CONCENTRATIONTO LOWCONCENTRATION

  43. THE CELL • KEY CONCEPTS WITH DIFFUSION: • EQUILIBRIUM • CONCENTRATION GRADIENT • DIFFUSION IS VITAL TOWARDS THE MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES/MOLECULES IN AND OUT OF CELLS

  44. THE CELL • THE CELL MEMBRANE CREATES A BARRIER BETWEEN THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF A CONCETRATION GRADIENT WHICH ALLOWS DIFFUSION TO OCCUR

  45. THE CELL • WHAT IS THE CELL MEMBRANE MADE UP OF?

  46. THE CELL • SPECIALIZED PROTEINS IN THE CELL MEMBRANE MAKE DIFFUSION HAPPEN FASTER THAN IT WOULD NATURALLY • FACILITATED DIFFUSION • DIFFUSION THAT OCCURS WITH ASSISTANCE (IN THIS CASE, PROTEINS IN THE MEMBRANE)

  47. THE CELL • WHO REMEMBERS WHAT THE MOST AWESOME, COOL, RADICAL, GNARLIEST INORGANIC COMPOUND IS?? • H2O • BECAUSE WATER IS SO SUPER COOL, IT HAS ITS OWN TYPE OF DIFFUSION

  48. THE CELL • OSMOSIS • THE DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE • WHAT CAN YOU FILL IN FOR THE WORD DIFFUSION?? • WHY IS WATERSO DIFFERENT? • BECAUSE STUFFCAN BE DISSOLVED IN THEWATER

  49. THE CELL • THE ORIGINAL “U-TUBE”

  50. THE CELL • OSMOSIS IS SO POWERFUL, IT’S “DEFYING GRAVITY!!” • THIS IS KNOWN AS OSMOTIC PRESSURE

More Related